- #metoo 411
- 3D printing 490–1, 493–4, 495, 496b
- 9/11 227, 240, 333
- aid donations 95
- trajectories of war after 236
A
- Abbott, Tony 472
- abortion 205
- Abrams, Rob 592b
- absolute de-coupling of economic activity from carbon emissions 547, 548b
- Abuja Declaration (2001) 441
- accountability
- alternative development and post-development 73
- bilateral aid agencies 97
- governance reforms 332t
- India 581
- NGOs 86
- accumulation 57, 58b
- Aceh War (1873–1913) 301b, 304
- Acemoglu, D. 81
- Acheson, Dean 311
- acid rain 219
- Action Aid 94t
- actor-network theory 422
- acute food insecurity 108–9, 117–21
- acute hunger 107, 114, 117, 119–21, 122
- adaptation to climate change 545, 545b, 549, 553–4, 557, 559, 561, 588b
- Adofo, Elizabeth 592b
- advocacy, transnational companies 97
- Afghanistan
- aid 95
- armed groups 88
- COVID-19 448
- displaced people 15
- fertility levels 191
- forced migration 460
- health indicators by wealth 134t
- migration 192
- mobile money 512
- outsiders as state builders 84f
- socialist regime in 347
- Soviet occupation 444
- Africa
- Chinese aid donations 95
- cities 502
- civil war 15
- climate and climate change, adapting to 549
- colonial legacy 310–11
- developmental states 80
- education 154
- elite 372
- employment in 170t
- ethnic violence 527
- and European capitalism 252
- food riots 112b
- health and economic growth 434
- human capital 595b
- industrialisation 323
- inequality 42
- infrastructure 417
- Islam in 263–4
- life expectancy 190f
- mobile money 512
- population trends 194f
- poverty reduction 588b
- primary commodity production 214
- problems of Western democracy, novelistic examples 371b
- socialist countries in 342
- total fertility rate 191f
- unemployment in 169t
- ‘wind of change’ 310b see also East Africa; North Africa; South Africa; sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa
- Africa Power and Politics 80
- African Union 93, 239, 244, 587b, 589b
- Aga Khan Development Network 94t
- agencies, development 54–5, 73, 76–102, 559
- agency
- Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development 500, 508, 590b
- agricultural development 58
- cash crop production 110
- and colonial rule 297b
- and Soviet collectivisation 344
- agricultural production
- antibiotic use 449
- agricultural work 180
- aid see ODA (official development assistance)
- AIDS see HIV/AIDS
- Airbnb 513
- air pollution
- indoor 439
- Ajami, Fouad 539
- Akbar, Mogul emperor 265–6
- Akello, Grace 596, 596b
- albendazole 137
- alcohol tax 441
- Algeria 170, 232, 310b, 535
- Alkire, Sabina 32
- p. 606↵Allen, T. 138
- Al-Qaeda 236, 237, 335, 533, 534, 540
- Al Shabaab 118
- alternative development 55, 56t, 56, 68–73
- Althusser, Louis 159
- Alt Right 526
- Alvares, C. 69
- al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab 535
- Amara, Roy/Amara’s law 489, 491
- America
- colonisation of 270, 274 see also Canada; Central America; Latin America; United States
- Amin, Idi 596b
- Amin, Samir 261
- anaemia 113
- analytical aspects of development 55–6, 56b
- Anderson, Perry 576
- Andersson, Ruben 463
- Ang, Yuen Yuen 81, 354
- Angola
- child soldiers 234
- independence 310b
- oil industry 214
- solar home systems 426f
- under five mortality 127
- Anthropocene 214, 223
- anthropological approaches to culture 525, 536
- antimicrobial resistance (AMR) 448–50, 452
- appropriate technology movement 486
- appropriation 57, 58b
- Arab Spring 13b, 86, 237–8, 244, 245f, 364, 364f, 382, 590b
- and culture 539
- food riots 112b
- political settlements 83
- Arab world, and Islam 261–3
- Araujo Castro, Jõao Augusto de 209
- Arcarazo, D. A. 467
- Arendt, Hannah 373b, 470
- Argentina
- economic crisis 586b
- import substitution industrialisation 323
- migration 460
- progress 587b
- as semi-colony of British finance capital 277
- Aristotle 36
- armed conflicts 229–30
- climate change 545
- armed groups as agents of development 86–8
- Arnold, D. 301b
- arsenic removal from groundwater 419b, 419f, 420f, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 430
- Artificial Intelligence 492, 495, 512
- Fourth Industrial Revolution 574b
- health 451–2
- Arup 421b
- ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) 12, 93
- Asia
- cities 502
- democratisation 370
- and the doctrines of development 291
- economic activity rates 171t
- economic growth 333
- employment in 170t
- forced labour regimes 281
- global financial crisis 334
- globalisation 12
- Green Revolution 110
- health and economic growth 434
- life expectancy 190f
- population trends 194f
- poverty reduction 588b
- primary commodity production 214
- socialist countries in 310
- total fertility rate 191f
- unemployment in 169t
- war and armed conflicts 231t see also Central Asia; East/South-east Asia; South Asia
- Association of Victims of Pollution and Bad Living Conditions of Cubatão 218b
- associations as agents of development 85–6
- asylum seekers 475
- COVID-19 600
- migration myths 469
- numbers 460
- atmospheric pollution 217, 218b, 218f, 219, 353, 594b
- austerity policies 568, 571
- COVID-19 response 448
- and neoliberal views of development 60
- unemployment 176
- Australia
- interventionism 63
- penal colony 459
- Austria 107
- authoritarianism 602
- COVID-19 government responses 82b
- developmental states 81
- and famine 116
- ‘traditional’ authority figures 300–4
- authoritarian populism 565b, 566, 575, 577, 581, 582
- authoritarian regimes 364–5, 365t, 366, 379, 380, 382
- aid packages 383
- and inequality 385b
- Aztec civilisation 258b
B
- Badhan, Pranab 580
- Bahrain 237
- Bakongo, kingdom of the 257b
- Balla, Surjit 380
- Banco Sol 183b
- Banda, Hastings 313b
- Bangladesh
- COVID-19 600
- female economic activity rate 172f
- gendered nature of poverty 30
- micro-finance 183b
- NGOs 86
- propriety norms 35
- Rohingya Muslims 243
- unemployment in 168
- violence 35
- war in 232
- Ban Ki-moon 20f, 20, 405b, 471–2
- Bannerjee, A. 92
- Banuri, T. 55
- Barder, Owen 335–6
- Bardhan, P. 384
- Barrett, C. B. 111
- Barth, Fredrik 525
- Barton, J. 554
- basic needs theory 484t, 486
- Bates, Robert 505
- Batuta, Ibn 262–3
- Batwa people, Uganda 551b
- Bauman, Z. 38
- Bayat, Asaf 577
- Beasley, David 121
- Beijing 217, 221
- Beijing World Conference on Women (1995) 398
- p. 607↵Bell, D. 371, 372
- Ben Ali, Zine el-Abedine 364f
- Beneria, L. 171
- Bengal famine (1943) 106, 110, 114, 114t, 115–16
- Benner, C. 174
- beriberi 110
- Berlin Wall 10f, 226, 465
- Berman, Marshall 49–50
- Bernier, François 252
- Bernstein, H. 56b, 58, 59, 79, 180
- Beswick, D. 333
- Beveridge report (1942) 32
- Bezuidenhout, A. 573
- Big Data 451–2, 491–2, 495, 509, 512–13
- ‘big D development’ 52–3, 53b
- bilateral aid agencies 95–7, 485
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 97, 136, 203, 436, 441
- bin Laden, Osama 535, 539
- biodiversity
- future prospects 594b
- palm oil production and consumption 215b
- and primary commodity production 213
- biotechnology
- development dilemmas 21
- birth rates 188b, 188
- China 354
- neo-Malthusianism 197
- Bismarck, Otto von 522
- Block, F. 567
- Bloom, D. E. 200
- Bloomfield, S. 385b
- Blyth, Mark 571
- Boko Haram 335
- Bolivia 183b, 347, 348b, 586b
- Bollyky, T. J. 385b
- Bolsonaro, Jair 82b, 335, 376, 377f
- Bongaarts, J. 194b, 202
- Bons Ventos 554b
- Booth, D. 80
- border walls 465, 466f
- Borlaug, Norman 110
- Boserup, E. 396
- Bosnia 229, 232, 234, 240
- Botswana 170, 171
- Bouazizi, Tarek el-Tayeb Mohamed 237
- Bourdieu, Pierre 160
- Boyce, J. 35
- BRAC 86, 93
- brain drain 469
- Brandt Report 326
- Brasília 21
- Bratton, M. 313b
- Brazil
- aid donations 95
- anti-democratic government 587b
- biodiversity threats 215b
- conditional cash transfers, and women’s empowerment 410
- Democracy Index 367
- environment 210b
- financialisation of housing 573
- flexible accumulation 571b
- import substitution industrialisation 323
- informal sector work 173b
- ‘June Days’ movement 576
- migration 460
- oil industry 214
- People-Centred discourse on environmental issues 222
- poverty as capability deprivation 36f
- poverty reduction 333
- setbacks in development 9
- and socialism 356
- social movements 579
- UN contributions 90
- urban explosion in 325b
- wind power 220, 553, 554b, 560 see also BRICS countries
- Brazilian Society for the Advancement of Science 218b
- Bretton Woods agreements (1944) 91, 319, 320, 321, 325, 569
- Brexit 374, 469, 537, 538, 565b, 577, 595b
- bricolage in engineering 422–3, 422b, 424, 426, 428, 429, 430
- BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) 12, 99
- BRICS Development Bank 93
- Britain
- biodiversity threats 215b
- colonial legacy 311
- and colonial state development 291
- Conservative Party 538
- diseases in nineteenth-century 133–5
- food riots 112b
- government spending as percentage of GDP 80
- identity politics 522
- inequality 570
- Libyan intervention 242
- medical humanitarianism 444
- multiculturalism 526
- nationalism 522
- Northern Ireland ‘troubles’ 227
- poverty line 37
- Royal Academy of Engineering 416
- and the slave trade 279
- social media 374
- state 79
- UN contributions 90
- UN Security Council 91
- war on terror 237
- war strategies 238
- women’s labour force participation 402
- Women’s Suffrage Movement 86
- World Bank 91
- British East India Company 106, 252, 276, 297, 301b, 306–7
- Bromley, S. 382
- Brown, K. 553
- Brown, L. R. 196, 197
- Brown, P. 161
- Brundtland Commission 209–10
- Brycescon, Deborah 173–5, 175b
- Brynjolfsson, E. 574b
- Buen Vivir (good living) 72, 560, 561
- Buganda, kingdom of 252, 258
- Bundy, Colin 284–5
- Burawoy, Michael 577, 578
- bureaucracies, and colonial rule 298–300
- Burkina Faso 590b
- Burma 116, 234
- Burundi 235b, 526f
- Bush, George H. W. 10f
- Bush, George W. 95, 237, 533, 534, 537
- bushfires 555b, 556f
- Butz, W. P. 195
- Buxton, Dorothy 107
- Buzan, B. 241b
- Byzantine Empire 262
C
- C40 Cities 549
- Callon, Michael 422
- p. 608↵Cambodia
- arsenic removal from groundwater 419b
- elite 372
- famine 116
- gender-responsive budgeting in HIV response 410
- health indicators by wealth 134t
- migration 192
- Cambridge Analytica 374
- Cameron, David 537
- Cameroon
- colonial legacy 311
- colonial rule in 304
- independence 310b
- prostitution 174
- social media 374
- Camfield, L. 161
- Canada
- acid rain 219
- CIDA 398
- food aid 111
- inequality 43f
- interventionism 63
- oil sands 214
- capabilities 36b
- poverty as deprivation of 35–7
- capabilities approach 65, 66b, 506
- capitalism 270b
- climate change 558
- and communism 10
- COVID-19 602
- development dilemmas 21
- development of 6–7
- dynamics of growth 54
- future prospects 595b
- and historical process 54
- industrial see industrial capitalism
- and inequality 588b
- informational 513
- and intentional development 559
- market 11
- and the Mogul empire 261
- and neoliberal views of development 59–60
- and primitive accumulation 271
- social solidarity, loss of 575
- states 77–8
- victory of? 10–11
- capitalist authoritarian regimes 365t, 365
- carbon efficiency 548
- carbon emissions see greenhouse gas emissions
- carbon footprint 547
- carbon market 546, 558
- CARE International 85, 94t
- Caribbean
- dependency theory 485
- Family Planning 2020 Initiative 204t
- Global Hunger Index 113f
- indentured labour 281
- life expectancy 190f
- population trends 194f
- slavery 279
- total fertility rate 191f
- urban centres 503
- Carrigan, T. 407b
- Carse, A. 424
- Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring 209
- Carter Foundation 136
- cash crop production, and hunger 110
- Castells, M. 530, 571b
- Casterline, J. 194b
- caste system in India 161b, 259–61, 264–5
- Castles, S. 458
- Catholic Relief Services 94t
- CCP (Chinese Communist Party) 352, 353, 379, 524f
- Central Africa, Family Planning 2020 Initiative 204t
- Central African Republic 234
- Central America
- migration 192
- slavery 279
- struggles against oppression 94
- Central Asia
- economic activity rates 171t
- economic growth 15
- employment in 170t
- Family Planning 2020 Initiative 204t
- central planning 343, 350
- Centre for Public Authority and International Development 87b
- Chad 90, 350, 350f, 467
- Chambers, R. 48, 71, 330
- Chan, Margaret 132
- Chandra, B. 307
- change, theories of 67–8
- chatbots 492
- Chatterjee, P. 307
- Chaudhuri, A. 311
- Chávez, Hugo 348b, 349f
- Cheema, Affan 590, 590b
- Cheeseman, N. 385b
- Chernobyl disaster 384b
- child labour 150, 155, 190
- child mortality 127b, 142
- Ghana 201b
- Global Hunger Index 113
- rates 198
- and reproductive health 203b
- sub-Saharan Africa 195b
- by wealth 133, 134t see also infant mortality; under-five mortality
- children
- conditional cash transfers and women’s empowerment 409
- digital technologies 497
- mass drug administration 137
- migrants 475
- child soldiers 234
- child stunting 108, 109b, 113, 141
- Child Survival Development Revolution 135b
- child wasting 108, 109b, 113
- Chile
- conditional cash transfers and women’s empowerment 410
- climate change adaptation strategy 553–4
- economic growth 15
- progress 587b
- Santiago 553
- China
- Beijing’s anti-pollution drive 221
- changing development strategies 350–2
- climate change 545
- developmental challenges for nation states 13
- developmental state 81
- and the end of the Cold War 10
- financialisation of housing 573
- p. 609↵flexible accumulation 571b
- global financial crisis 334
- governance 390
- Great Leap Forward 116
- harmony 372
- health 451–2
- import substitution industrialisation 323
- indentured labour 281–3
- land reforms 385b
- lessons from 354
- manufacturing sector 214
- MDGs 17b
- Muslims in 262–3
- national ideology 524f
- National People’s Congress 351–2
- New Development Bank 93
- political meritocracy 371
- population growth 437b
- poverty reduction 351b
- reform challenges 352–4
- and relocation of multinational companies 176
- rise after 1978 350–5
- rural employment 183
- rural poverty 32
- ‘scramble for Africa’ 217
- Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 93
- state 79
- trade deal with South Africa 579
- trade war with the US 564
- two-child policy 354
- and Uganda 596b
- UN contributions 90
- UN Security Council 91
- urban population 503
- World Bank 91 see also BRICS countries
- ‘China model’ 354–5
- Chipika, S. 555
- Chowdhury, A. M. 551b
- Christian Aid 85, 94t
- Christianity
- NGOs 85
- chronic hunger 107–8, 114, 122
- Churchill, Winston 116, 370
- cities 500–19, 505b
- and access to urban services 514
- climate change 557
- financialisation of housing 573
- global agenda 515–16
- homes and neighbourhoods in 513–15
- population of 501f
- civicness, and public authority 87b
- civilisations, clash of 527–39, 529f
- civil society
- digital technologies 496
- India 581
- and the state 364
- class see social class
- Clausewitz, Carl von 236
- ‘Clean Development Mechanism’ 547
- Cleaver, Frances 422b, 425, 428
- clientelism, in liberal democracy 372
- climate change 3–5, 208, 209, 223, 543–63, 543b
- alternative development and post-development 68
- COVID-19 602
- development dilemmas 21
- global food crisis 112
- health implications 437
- human security threat 424
- implications 557–61
- industrial development 219
- international environmental negotiations 210b
- interventionism and ‘sustainable development’ 559
- legitimacy of interventions 552–4
- market economics approach to development 558
- post-development 560–1
- rising sea levels 457
- structuralist approach to development 558–9
- sub-Saharan Africa 194b
- transformational knowledge 555–7
- Clinton, Bill 117b
- Clinton doctrine 234
- Coale, A. J. 197, 199, 200
- Cohen, Abner 525
- Cold War 9
- aid agencies 95
- and the ‘Third World’ 9–11
- UN Security Council 91
- Coleman, J. 57b
- collectivisation
- in China 346
- in the Soviet Union 344–5
- Collier, Paul 44, 226, 228, 575, 595, 595b
- Colombia
- economic growth 586b
- forced migration 460
- indigenous activism 70
- social media 374
- colonial development 8
- colonial division of labour 194b
- colonialism 270, 270b
- and development 288–92
- developmental states 80
- experience of 287–8
- and gender 396
- health and economic growth 434
- post-colonial guilt, and aid donations 95
- post-colonial states 13
- primary commodity production 214
- and socialist ideas 347–8 see also imperialism
- colonisation 270, 270b
- colonial rule 295–316
- land alienation 178
- command and control legislation 219
- commodity chain 178
- commodity prices 326f
- Commonwealth of Independent States 113f
- communism 9
- and capitalism 10
- collapse of 95
- democratic centralism 379
- failure 595b
- India 81 see also socialist development
- Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels) 342
- communist party authoritarian regimes 365
- Communist Party of India 81
- Community-based Climate Change Adaptation conferences 551–2
- competence, and governance reforms 332t
- conditional cash transfers 152, 154, 409–10, 409f
- Conferences of the Parties (COPs) 544, 547, 555
- conflict-affected states 79, 81–3, 98–9
- Congo 371b
- Connell, R. 407b
- Connor, Walker 524
- consumer culture 575
- consumption
- environmental impact 214
- containment 474–5
- consequences 463–6
- stories 470–4
- contraception 198, 201, 205, 206
- and demographic transition 190 see also family planning programmes
- contraction and convergence 545, 545b
- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 219
- Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 233, 235b
- Convention on the Rights of Refugees 233
- Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 147–9, 148b
- Copenhagen School 241b
- Copenhagen Summit 210b
- Corbett, J. 115
- corporate social responsibility 97
- corruption
- China 353
- India 577
- Latin America 586b
- Uganda 597b
- Côte d’Ivoire 239, 304, 374
- COVID-19 4, 317, 337, 447–8, 457, 599–603
- care home deaths 451
- contrasting governmental responses 82b
- democracies, potential destabilisation of 381
- and extreme poverty 45
- food security 121
- low-paid occupations, importance of 573
- mortality 129
- national responses 14
- Rojava water supply attacked 378
- technology 452
- Trump 538
- unemployment 176
- war and armed conflicts 243
- wildlife habitats, reduction in 543
- Cowen, M. P. 7, 24, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55b, 55, 63, 289–90, 291, 559
- Crellen, T. 137
- Crenshaw, Kimberlé 395
- Cribb, J. 186–7
- criminal justice mechanisms 235b
- Crisis Mapping 494
- critical pedagogy 162
- Croatia 465, 469
- Crouch, 366
- Crush, J. 318
- Cuba 10
- democratic centralism 379
- fertility 198
- governance 390
- migration 464
- under five mortality 127
- cultural anthropology 525, 536
- cultural change, and colonialism 287–8, 292
- cultural diversity, and alternative development 72
- culture 520–42
- colonial legacy 310–12
- and contraception 191
- and democratisation 382
- and education 162
- migration myths 469
- multiculturalism 526–7
- nation and nationalism 522–4
- states 78
- customary authorities as agents of development 83–4
D
- Dahl, R. 364, 366, 367
- Dakar Framework for Action (2000) 151
- DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) 449b
- damage impacts of climate change 547b
- Darfur 88f
- Davies, Susanna 115
- Davies, W. 570
- Davis, Mike 516
- DAWN (Development Alternatives for Women in a New Era) 396
- death rates see mortality rates
- p. 611↵debt bondage 283–4, 286t, 286
- debt crisis 327
- debt-led growth (1970s) 324–7
- decision-making, in liberal democracy 371
- de-coupling of economic activity from carbon emissions 548b, 558, 562
- deforestation 215b, 547, 549
- degenerative diseases 140, 140b
- De Genova, Nicholas 467
- de-growth movement 72, 547, 560
- de Haas, Hein 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 474
- deindustrialisation 512
- Delavignette, Robert 304
- Delhi 217
- dementia 440b
- democracy
- aid 331
- developmental states 81
- electoral 367
- and famine 116–17
- future prospects 587b
- Latin America 586b
- no-party 376
- participatory 376
- protest movements 576
- social movement unionism 579
- Third Wave of democratisation 333 see also liberal democracy
- Democracy Index 367, 368t, 370
- democratic centralism 365, 379, 379b
- Democratic Republic of Congo
- armed groups 86
- artisanal mining 175f
- COVID-19 448
- Ebola 447
- forced migration 460
- International Criminal Court 235b
- Lord’s Resistance Army 234
- neglected tropical diseases 138
- neopatrimonialism 313b
- population growth 214
- public authority 87b
- ‘Transforming Masculinities’ programme 407f
- democratic social entrepreneurship 73
- democratisation 363–93, 367b
- and democracy 364–70
- explanations for 381–3
- and globalisation 382–3
- and historical legacies 382
- and political culture 382
- and social class 381
- and social divisions 381–2
- demographic determinism 196
- demographic dividend 200, 200b, 205, 206
- demographic transition 188, 189f, 205
- theory 189b
- demographic trap 189b, 196
- Deng Xiaoping 350, 351
- Denmark 398, 577
- dependency school 55, 60–2, 61b, 324
- deportation 464, 467
- depression 440b
- deprivation
- dimensions of development and 38
- desertification 353
- de Soto, Hernando, The Other Path 511
- development 24
- in the 1950s and 1960s (the ‘Golden Years’) 321–4
- in the 1970s 324–7
- in the 1980s 327–30
- in the 1990s 330–3
- in the 2000s 333–4
- in the 2010s 335–7
- alternative development and post-development 68–73
- of capitalism 6–7
- challenges for nation states 13–15
- complexity 335
- defining 48
- different senses of 53–6
- dilemmas 20–2
- dimensions of deprivation and 38
- engineering for 416–32
- environmental determinisms of 532b
- and feminism 395–6
- future 585–603
- gender matters in 394–415
- global goals 15–20
- and health 433–55
- informal sector work 172–3
- meanings and views of 48–75
- migration 456–79
- as modernisation 58–9
- and population 186–207
- post-war restructuring 319–21
- and poverty 3–8
- programmes 64
- and protectionism 62–3
- and quality of governance 388–9
- security and state building 241–2
- socialist models of 341–59
- as a state of being 53–4
- state’s role 79–80
- sustainable see sustainable development
- developmental displacees 458, 459b
- Developmental Leadership Programme 80, 81
- developmental states 55, 80–1, 354, 389
- Development Dictionary, The (ed. Wolfgang Sachs) 6, 8, 69b, 488
- Devereux, S. 119
- de Wilde, J. 241b
- Dhaouadi, M. 308
- Diamond, Jared, Guns, Germs, and Steel 532b
- Di-Aping, Lumumba 210b
- diarrhoeal diseases 126, 126t, 126b, 133, 135, 142
- Dickens, Charles, Hard Times 217
- dictatorships see authoritarian regimes
- diet, Westernisation of 110
- digital assistants 492
- digital dividends 483, 490, 494, 497
- digital divides 483, 485, 490, 495–7
- Digital Integration 494
- digital technologies 483–99
- cities 512
- development dilemmas 21
- Fourth Industrial Revolution 574b
- frontier technologies 491–5
- future prospects 590b
- ‘great transformation’ 572
- Uganda 596b see also Internet; mobile phones
- diphtheria 134b 134
- direct democracy 371, 376–9
- p. 612↵direct foreign investment 97, 321, 323b, 572
- discourse theory 310
- disease 124–44
- China 353–4
- control/elimination strategies 134–40
- double burden of 140–1
- epidemiological transition theory 140–1
- geographical distribution 126–9
- patterns between countries 129–33
- as poverty element 45
- and reproductive health 203b
- statistics 125–6
- disembedding of the economy 566, 570, 572–5
- disinformation, and social media 373–4, 374f
- distribution, and global capitalism 52b
- division of labour
- colonial 194b
- global 18
- in the Mogul empire 259
- Doing Development Differently (DDD) 98, 336
- domestic labour, and women 171, 172f, 172, 180
- domestic violence 35, 40b, 84, 411
- Dominican Republic 132, 132t
- double burden of disease 140–1, 142, 437, 452
- ‘double movement’ of modern history 567–8, 582
- doughnut economics 221b, 221f
- drones 238, 492–3, 493f
- Duffield, Mark 239, 459, 471, 536
- Durkheim, Émile 85
- Dutch East India Company (VOC) 275, 297, 301b, 306–7
- Duterte, Rodrigo 370, 374f, 376
- Dyson, F. 544
- Dyson, Tim 115–16, 199
E
- E7 (emerging economies) 335
- early childhood care and education 152–4, 154f, 157
- Earth Summits 544
- East Africa 177, 204t
- East Asia see East/South-east Asia
- Eastern Europe
- and democratisation 370
- economic activity rates 171t
- economic growth 15
- employment in 170t
- Family Planning 2020 Initiative 204t
- famine 119
- Global Hunger Index 113f
- industrial pollution 217
- mobile money 512
- unemployment in 169t
- East/South-east Asia
- developmental states 80
- education 152
- elite 372
- ethnic violence 527
- Family Planning 2020 Initiative 204t
- globalisation 11
- life expectancy 189
- migration 463
- per capita income growth 201
- urban centres 503
- as world’s economic centre of gravity 334
- Ebola 445–7, 445b, 446f, 446t, 452, 599
- gender 411–12
- medical humanitarianism 444
- public authority 87b
- Sierra Leone 158b
- ecofeminism 408
- ecological crisis under neoliberalism 572–5
- ecological modernisation 546b
- ecological overshoot 199
- economic activity 171b
- economic development 58
- and the Mogul empire 261
- economic growth 56b
- debt-led (1970s) 324–7
- and democratisation 380
- effect of war on 233
- future prospects 585b
- and the global financial crisis 45
- globalisation 12
- ‘Golden Years’ (1950s and 1960s) 321–4
- and health 434–5
- Latin America 586b
- and neoliberal views of development 60
- social democracy 578
- Economic Intelligence Unit
- quality of governance 388
- economic reforms, China 351, 352
- economy and state, relationship between 78
- Ecuador 33b, 34f, 515b, 586b
- EDF 421b
- Edkins, Jenny 106
- education 145–6
- access, international strategies 155–7
- access and attainment, achievements 152–4
- access and attainment, obstacles 154–5
- and children’s rights 147–9
- as ‘cruel optimism’ 161–2
- as ‘cultural oppression’ vehicle 162
- and demographic transition 190
- formal 147b
- human capabilities approach 150–1
- human capital approach 149–50
- and inequality creation 158–61
- informal 147b
- international conferences and ‘basic education’ 151–3
- local needs 22–3
- mortality decline 188
- non-formal 147b
- and reproductive health 203b
- SDGs 32
- Uganda 596b
- and unemployment 166
- p. 613↵what it is 146–9
- Education for All 151, 151b, 152, 153b, 156, 161
- Edwards, M. 67
- Egypt
- economic activity rates 171
- employment in 170
- global financial crisis 13b
- health indicators by wealth 134t
- and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 9
- population growth 214
- and socialism 348
- Suez Canal 310b
- Ehrlich, P. R. X., The Population Bomb 196
- Eisenmerger, N. 214
- Eisenstadt, S. 58
- elderly people 129, 190, 437b, 439, 451, 452
- electoral democracy 367
- electricity 426–8, 426f, 427b, 428, 429, 430
- electronics, environmental impacts 219–20
- elites
- capture, in liberal democracy 372
- education 147
- political settlements 82–3
- religion 85
- Ellis, Frank 115b
- embedded liberalism 569, 570, 582
- Emmott, S. 187
- employment 166–85, 167b
- cities and the global economy 510–13
- contracting out 177
- and the dual economy 176
- and fertility decline, East Asia 200b
- flexible accumulation 571b
- future prospects 590b
- growth with 324–5
- in the ‘hidden economy’ 172
- and labour market casualisation 177
- empowerment 66, 66b
- ‘great transformation’ 575
- enabling approach to shelter provision 513
- end of history 226
- endowment approach to famine 114–15, 114b
- energy deficiency (malnutrition) 109
- energy infrastructure 417, 424–5, 426–8, 426f, 427b, 428, 429, 430
- Engels, Friedrich 342, 343, 355, 500
- engineering for development (E4D) 416–32
- dimensions 428–9
- how it is produced 418–24
- urban water access 425b
- Engineers Without Borders 423
- Enough Project 117b
- enterprise management 52b
- entitlement approach to famine 114–15, 114f, 116, 117, 122
- environment 10, 208–25
- changing patterns of poverty and inequality 18
- China 353
- degradation and poverty in different development strategies 211–20
- developing countries in international environmental negotiations 210b
- development dilemmas 21
- ecological crisis 45
- environmentalism of the poor? 220–1
- future prospects 585b
- and gender 408–9
- global 64
- global rise of environmental concern 209–10
- impacts of primary commodity production 212–14
- industrial development 214–20
- industrial pollution in São Paulo 218b
- INGOs 94
- MDGs 333
- unsustainable development discourses 221–3 see also climate change
- environmental determinisms of development 532b
- environmentalism of the poor 220–1, 223
- Environmental Kuznets Curve 211–12, 211f
- environmental sustainability
- and reproductive health 203b
- epidemiological transition theory 140–1, 142, 437
- epidemiology 125, 125b
- Erdogan, Recep Tayyip 370, 376, 465, 564, 565
- Escobar, Arturo 70, 488, 560–1
- Esman, M. 67
- Esteva, G. 8
- Ethiopia
- developmental state 80
- governance 390
- population growth 214
- progress 595b
- socialist regime in 347
- vaccination programmes 441
- ethnicity
- Chinese Hukou migrants 473b
- and gender 404b
- Europe
- aid donations 95
- contemporary migration 463
- famine 119f
- global financial crisis 334
- hunger, concern with 106
- inequality 43f
- life expectancy 190f
- neglected tropical diseases 136
- population density 194b
- population trends 194f
- total fertility rate 191f
- war and armed conflicts 231t see also colonialism; Eastern Europe; Southern Europe; Western Europe
- European Union (EU)
- climate change 544
- ecological modernisation 421
- economic growth 15
- former socialist bloc states 12
- genetically modified crops 111
- globalisation 12
- international environmental negotiations 210b
- Peace-building Partnership 239
- Syrian conflict 242
- Evans, Peter 81, 390, 570
- export-oriented industrialisation 323b
- extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) 449–50
- Extinction Rebellion 14, 86, 356, 559, 577, 578f, 591, 591b, 593f
- extraction of resources 213
- extreme weather 4f, 544, 545, 547, 548
F
- Facebook 373–4, 375b, 492, 587b
- failed states 196, 241, 545
- faith-based organisations as agents of development 84–5
- fake news, and social media 373–4, 374f
- Fallers, L. 258
- Falwell, Jerry 536–7
- family planning programmes 191, 196, 197–8, 199, 201–2, 203, 206
- China 354
- Ghana 201b, 202f see also contraception
- famine 106f
- changing views of 106–7
- China (1959–61) 346
- COVID-19 601
- crimes 117–19
- decline 119–21
- and democracy 116–17
- humanitarian agencies 117–19
- Sen’s critics 115–16
- Sen’s thesis 114–15
- Fanon, Frantz 9, 310, 475
- FAO (UN Food and Agriculture Organisation) 107, 108
- Farah, Nuruddin 117b, 371b
- Fardon, Richard 527
- fascism 7b, 343, 363, 527
- feelings and perceptions (hunger assessment) 112
- feminism
- and development 395–6
- ecofeminism 408
- men 407b
- and population growth 199
- post-development 69
- SDGs 400
- Ferguson, J. 68, 69b, 70
- Ferguson, Niall, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World 296, 311–12
- Ferreira, Francisco 588, 588b, 602
- fertility 189–91, 205
- China 354
- demographic transition theory 189b
- East Asia 200b
- and economic growth 200
- Ghana 201b
- projections 191–5
- sub-Saharan Africa 194b
- TFR (total fertility rate) 188b, 191, 191f see also family planning programmes
- feudalism, crisis of 272–4
- Field Ready project 490–1
- Fight the Famine 107
- First World War 107, 277, 522, 568
- Fisher, Max 373, 375, 375b
- flexible accumulation 571b, 573
- Focus on the Global South 93
- foeticide, and gender 401
- Fonchingong, T. N. 296
- food
- availability, and hunger 110–13
- and gender 401
- population growth 437b
- food aid 117, 117b
- adverse effects 111–12
- food assistance 111
- food dumping 111
- food insecurity, acute 108–9, 117–21
- food riots 112b, 112
- food security 122, 122
- food shortage 187 see also famine
- food supply 112, 448
- forced labour
- railway construction in the Belgian Congo 289b
- forced migrants 458, 459b, 464–5
- forced migration
- containment 464
- definition 458
- Ford, Henry 571b
- Ford, J. D. 555
- Ford Foundation 434
- Fordism 571b
- foreign direct investment 97, 321, 323b, 572
- forest livelihoods, and climate change 551b
- Foucault, Michel 77
- Fourth Industrial Revolution 573, 574b, 574f
- fragile states 79, 81–3, 97, 98–9, 241, 545, 585b
- France
- biodiversity threats 215b
- education 160
- gilets jaunes 595b
- medical humanitarianism 444
- UN contributions 90
- UN Security Council 91
- Fraser, Nancy 566, 568, 573
- freedom, development as 65–6, 66b, 73, 568–9
- Freedom House 366–7, 388
- Freire, Paulo 162, 488, 556
- Friedman, Milton 569, 570
- Fröbel, Folker 572
- Fromm, Eric 577
- Frontex 463
- frontier technologies 491–5
- Fukuyama, Francis 11, 12, 330, 332, 530
G
- G7 (Group of Seven) 11, 12, 320b, 335
- G8 (Group of Eight) 320b, 333
- G20 (Group of Twenty) 93, 320b
- G77 (Group of Seventy-Seven) 9, 210b, 216, 320
- GAD (Gender and Development) 396–8, 397b
- Gaddafi, Muammar 237, 533
- Galbraith, J. K. 12, 466
- Galtung, Johan 458
- Gambia 140f
- Gandhi, Indira 198, 209
- Gandhi, Mahatma 319, 375
- Garrett, Leslie, The Coming Plague 3, 447
- Gates Foundation 97, 136, 205, 436, 441
- GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 319, 320, 321, 325, 328
- GDP (gross domestic product) 40, 40b
- government spending as percentage of 80
- and industrialisation 58
- per capita by world region 322f
- Gellner, Ernest 528
- gender 394–5, 395b
- and climate change 551b
- and development issues 394–415
- p. 615↵differences 35
- and environmental conservation 408–9
- and food distribution 401
- rights 94
- and sex 401
- gender equality/inequality 396, 411
- conditional cash transfers and women’s empowerment 409
- digital technologies 496–7
- gender-responsive budgeting 410
- gender-responsive budgeting 410
- generalised commodity production 51, 52b
- genetically modified crops 110, 111
- Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees 457–8, 464, 465
- Geneva Conventions, and war 233
- genocide 235b
- geographical determinism 532b
- geographical information systems (GIS) 509
- Germany
- biodiversity threats 215b
- Bismarck 522
- famine 107
- far right 538
- nationalism 522
- nation state 524
- Nazi 373b
- Nazi leaders 235b
- reunification of 10
- UN contributions 90
- Ghana
- independence 310b
- and Islam 263–4
- neglected tropical diseases 137
- gig economy 181, 600
- Gilgum, S. 214
- Gilley, Bruce 312
- Gilsenan, M. 269
- Gini coefficient 42b, 42, 570
- Ginige, E. 375b
- Glaeser, E. L., Triumph of the City 501, 503, 509, 516
- glasnost 346
- GlaxoSmithKline 136
- Glazer, Nathan 524–5
- Global Alliance for Vaccines Initiative (GAVI) 443
- global capitalism 11, 12, 52b
- global cities 505b
- Global Commission for Africa 418b
- global development goals 15–20
- global division of labour 18
- global environment 64
- Global Environmental Management discourse 222–3, 222f
- global financial crisis (2008) 7, 12–13, 13b, 18, 21, 45, 112, 321, 334, 575
- aid levels 95
- COVID-19 response 448
- and culture 537
- economic inequality 233
- G20 93
- Occupy movement 86
- and populism 82b
- sub-prime mortgages 570
- World Bank loans 92
- Global Footprint Network 199
- Global Fund for Aids TB and Malaria (GFARM) 443
- Global Health Initiatives 442–3
- Global Hunger Index 113f, 113
- globalisation 11b
- and capitalism 277
- COVID-19 601
- and culture 537
- and democratisation 382–3
- development dilemmas 21
- and famine 118
- future prospects 588b
- ‘great transformation’ 572
- inevitability? 11–13
- INGOs 95
- Iraq’s state builders 241
- neoliberalism 7b
- war and armed conflicts 236
- Global Nutrition Report 113
- global partnership for development 15, 16t, 17b, 203b
- Global South, and social exclusion 38, 39
- global threefold human crisis 3, 24, 45, 70
- global warming see climate change
- Gnassingbe, Faure 383f
- GNI (gross national income) 40–2, 40b, 44, 46
- and development 54
- ODA as a share of 96f
- GNP (gross national product) 41b
- market fundamentalism 566
- ‘Golden Years’ (1950s and 1960s) 321–4, 569, 571b
- Goldin, I. 512
- gold standard 7, 567, 568, 570
- Golooba-Mutebi, F. 80
- ‘good change’, and development 48, 49, 50, 73
- ‘good governance’ 330–1, 380, 385–9, 390, 581 see also quality of governance
- Goodhart, D. 89
- Google 21, 97
- Gorbachev, Mikhail 10f, 226, 345–6
- Gough, Kathleen 355b
- Goulet, Denis 4
- governance
- in the 1990s 330–3
- developmental challenges for nation states 14
- future prospects 589b
- India 580–1
- Islamic forms of 539
- outsiders as state builders 83b
- reform components 332t
- states 78
- urban 516 see also ‘good governance’; quality of governance
- Grameen Bank 183b
- Gramsci, Antonio 85
- Great Depression 7, 568
- ‘great transformation’ 502, 564–84
- authoritarian populism 565b
- countermovement 575–81
- disembedding of the economy, social dislocation, and ecological crisis 572–5
- from ‘embedded liberalism’ to the second coming of market fundamentalism 568–71
- flexible accumulation and rise of the precariat 571b
- Fourth Industrial Revolution, societal challenges of 574b
- market fundamentalism and the ‘double movement’ of modern history 566–8
- social democratic countermovement 578–81
- Greece 107, 385b, 465, 469
- Green, Duncan 68, 335
- green growth 547, 558, 562
- p. 616↵greenhouse gas emissions 545, 546–7, 550, 555b, 558, 562
- palm oil production and consumption 215b
- population growth 199
- Green Revolution 110–11, 114, 122
- Grindle, M. 332
- Grossman, G. M. 212
- Guaidó, Juan 348b
- Guatemala 132, 132t, 134t
- ‘Guest Worker’ schemes 463
- Guha, Ramachandra 222
- Guinea 284, 310b, 445–6, 446t
- Gulf War (1991) 10
- Gupta, Bhaskar Sen 419b, 421, 422, 423, 424, 430
- Guterres, António 23b
H
- Haan, A. de 38
- HAART (highly active antiretroviral treatment) 138, 138b
- Haass, Richard N. 95
- Habermas, Jürgen 552
- Habitat conferences 515, 516
- Haiti
- Field Ready project 490–1
- HIV Equity Initiative 139
- migration 464
- Halle, Louis 524
- Halliday, Fred 531b
- Harappa (ancient civilisation) 259
- Harris, D. 334
- Harris, J. 375b
- Harris, Nigel 466, 468, 572
- Hart, G. 52–3, 53b
- Hartmann, B. 35
- Harvey, David 502, 516, 569, 570, 571b
- Hayek, Friedrich 569, 570
- Hazare, Anna 577
- HDI (Human Development Index) 32, 43, 65, 149, 445, 487, 506
- Headey, D. 201
- Headrick, D. P. 306
- health
- antimicrobial resistance 448–50
- conditional cash transfer schemes 152
- China 353
- and development 433–55
- and economic growth 434–5
- genetically modified organisms 111
- goals 433–7
- maternal see maternal health
- mental 440b
- mHealth programmes 451b
- and mortality decline 188
- poverty reduction 437–9
- sustainable development 437b
- and ‘traditional doctors’ 256
- urgent and emergent disease control priorities 444–50
- health care interventions 440b
- health care provision 439–44, 440b
- medical humanitarianism 443–4
- taxation 441
- Heeks, R. 492
- Hegel, G. W. F. 77
- hegemonic ideologies 307–8, 307b, 309, 310–12
- hegemonic masculinities 407b
- Helleiner, Eric 569
- Helliwell, J. 384
- Hezbollah 237
- Hinduism 47, 161b, 264–6
- historical legacies, and democratisation 382
- Hitler, Adolf 522
- HIV/AIDS 125b, 126, 126t, 138–40, 139t, 140f, 142, 334
- and reproductive health 203b
- cities 515b
- GRB (gender-responsive budgeting) 410
- life expectancy 189
- sub-Saharan Africa 194b
- Hochstetler, K. 218b
- Hodge, A. 201
- homelessness 139
- Hong Kong 9, 12, 15, 590b
- Honwana, Alcinda 590, 590b, 600
- Hoover, E. M. 197, 199, 200
- horizontal inequalities 38–9, 38b, 557
- Horton, Richard 447, 448
- Hossain, N. 112b
- household consumption (hunger assessment) 112
- housing
- in cities 513–15
- financialisation 573
- population growth 437b
- Howe, P. 119
- HPI (Human Poverty Index) 32
- Huber, Joseph 421
- Hudson, D. 332, 337
- Hulme, D. 387, 388
- Hulme, M. 550
- human capabilities see capabilities approach
- human capital 145, 149–50, 152, 153, 156, 158, 160, 595b
- human development 55, 64–6, 64b, 71, 73
- health and economic growth 435
- trends 15
- Human Development Index see HDI
- human rights
- abuses in Saudi Arabia 243
- international norms 118
- and population growth 199
- reproductive health 203
- water and sanitation 426
- women’s rights 398
- Humphries, D. 137
- Hungary
- border walls 465
- COVID-19 381
- nationalism 564
- Soviet invasion of (1956) 9
- hunger
- assessing in populations 112
- categories 107–10
- changing views of mass hunger 106–7
- and disease 139
- entitlements and livelihoods 114–17
- as focus of concern 106–7
- and food availability 110–13
- indexes 112–13
- and reproductive health 203b
- SDGs 105
- Huntington, Samuel, The Clash of Civilisations 295, 312, 333, 370, 520–1, 528–33, 529f, 531b, 532b, 536–540
- hygiene improvements, and disease 134
I
- Ibadan, Nigeria 525
- IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) see World Bank
- p. 617↵identity politics 522
- ethnicity 524–6
- multiculturalism 527
- Ikea 97
- illiberal democracy 366, 375–6, 390
- ILO (International Labour Organisation) 168, 172, 183–4, 324, 325
- children’s rights 147
- technology 486
- IMF (International Monetary Fund) 319–20
- as agent of development 91–2
- COVID-19 601
- globalisation 12
- neoliberalism 7b
- and trusteeship 55
- Washington Consensus 570b
- immanent development 50, 50b, 53, 54, 55, 58, 73
- immigrant detention centres 468, 470
- imperialism 276b
- and pre-capitalist states 256–7
- migration 459, 475 see also colonialism
- import-substitution industrialisation 13
- Incas (Peru) 258b
- income
- and capitalism 52b
- gender allocation of 397b
- gender pay gap 411
- household vs individual 29–30
- micro-finance to increase women’s 183b
- indentured labour 279b, 281–3, 286t, 463
- India
- aid donations 95
- appropriate technology 486
- corruption 577
- Delhi 217
- democracy 116
- and democratisation 382
- economic activity rates 171
- employment 178f
- environment 210b
- epidemiological transition 141
- and European capitalism 252
- financialisation of housing 573
- food security 121
- globalisation 588b
- Green Revolution 110
- illiberal democracy 390
- indentured labour 281–3
- industrialisation 323
- industrial pollution 217
- intermediate technology 487f
- MDGs 17b
- Mutiny (1857–58) 301b
- National Congress 307–8
- National Metallurgical Laboratory 422
- and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 9
- People-Centred discourse on environmental issues 222
- rights agenda 579–81
- sex ratio of the population 402b
- and socialism 348
- social media 375
- swaraj (radical ecological democracy) 72
- unemployment in 168
- Union Carbide disaster 218b
- urban population 503
- vaccination programmes 441
- values 35
- wind power 553
- World Bank 91 see also BRICS countries
- Indian sub-continent, terrorist groups in 535
- indigenous knowledge, and climate change 555b, 556f
- individualism
- and demographic transition 190
- parochial, in liberal democracy 372–3
- individuals
- and capitalist growth 57–8
- political engagement 70
- poverty 8
- Indonesia
- capitalist authoritarian regime 365
- gender-responsive budgeting in HIV response 410
- Green Revolution 111
- independence 308–9
- migration 192
- Muslims in 539
- palm oil production and consumption 215b
- population growth 214
- social capital 85
- and socialism 348
- social movements 579
- indoor air pollution 439
- industrial capitalism 58–9, 60b, 62
- industrial development, environmental impacts 208, 209, 212, 214–20, 223
- industrialisation 58, 58b, 59
- and alternative development 72
- climate change 545
- and colonialism 271
- and demographic transition 190
- and the dependency school 61b
- in developing countries 323
- export substitution 323b
- industry 58b
- inequality 335
- access to water and sanitation 514
- China 352
- climate change 557
- COVID-19 602–3
- development dilemmas 21
- and economic growth 44
- Fourth Industrial Revolution 574b
- IMF’s concerns 92
- infant mortality in Britain 127
- Latin America 586b
- neoliberalism 570
- policy implications in changing global context 44–5
- infanticide, and gender 401
- infant industries 64
- infant mortality 127b, 198
- and education 150
- famine 116
- by wealth 133, 134t see also child mortality
- infectious diseases 125b, 142
- informal sector 172–4, 173b
- and government revenue 441
- trade unions 579
- information and communication technologies see digital technologies
- infrastructure
- Uganda 596b
- INGOs (international non-government organisations)
- children’s rights 147
- hunger and famine 107
- largest by revenue 94t
- war on terror 536
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) 436
- Institution of Civil Engineers 416, 424, 428
- intentional development 50, 50b, 52, 53, 54, 63, 68, 76, 335, 336, 559, 601
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change see IPCC
- Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 4
- intermediate technology movement 486, 487f
- Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 458, 459b, 460
- international agents of development 76, 89–98
- and armed groups 88
- International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM) 458
- International Commission of State Sovereignty 239b
- International Conference on Population (Mexico City, 1984) 199
- International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994) 199, 464
- International Court of Justice 90
- International Criminal Court (ICC) 233, 235b, 537
- international criminal justice mechanisms 235b
- International Criminal Tribunals 235b
- international debt 10
- international division of labour 571b, 572
- International Food Policy Research Institute 113
- International Labour Organisation see ILO
- international law 535, 537
- International Monetary Fund see IMF
- international non-government organisations see INGOs
- International Organisation for Migration (IOM) 457, 460
- international political dimension, of colonial rule 297–8, 308, 312–13
- international poverty line 28, 44
- Internet 484, 496
- cities 512
- gender gap 497
- risks 495
- Internet of Things (IoT) 494, 594b
- intersectionality 395
- interventionism
- climate change 559
- IPC (Integrated Food Security Phase Classification) 108–9, 109t, 117, 121
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 3–4, 22b, 219, 222, 544, 547, 548, 555
- Iran
- COVID-19 385b
- migration 467
- Syrian conflict 237
- women’s rights 85
- Yemen conflict 237
- Iraq
- aid 95
- border walls 465
- displaced people 15
- fertility levels 191
- Kurds 234
- medical humanitarianism 444
- Syrian conflict 243
- terrorist groups in 535
- Ireland
- irrigation schemes 209, 213
- ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) 237, 243, 535, 540
- ISIS (Islamic State in Syria) 335
- Islam
- 9/11 236
- Al-Qaeda 533
- and ancient African kingdoms 263–4
- and democratisation 382
- and education 147
- and Mogul India 264–6
- religion and society 263
- rise of 261–3
- Taliban 240
- Trump’s election campaign 537–8
- Islamophobia 469
- isomorphic mimicry 83b
- Israel 465, 533
- IT (information technology) see digital technologies
- Italy
- fascism 568
- five-star movement 595b
- social capital 85
- Ivory Coast (Côte d’Ivoire) 239, 304, 374
J
- Jackson, P. 333
- Jackson, T. 548, 559
- Jacobs, Bel 591b
- Jamaica 279, 280f
- jan sunwai (public hearing, India) 580–1, 580f
- Japan 277
- biodiversity threats 215b
- colonialism 80
- COVID-19 385b
- developmental state 80
- and the ‘Golden Years’ (1950s and 1960s) 321
- nationalism 522
- nation state 524
- UN contributions 90
- World Bank 91
- Jayaraj, D. 149
- Jebb, Eglantyne 107
- Jeffrey, Craig 162b
- Jesudason, J. 366
- Jodha, N. S. 35
- Johnson, Andrew 569
- Johnson, Chalmers 80, 354
- Johnson, H. 79
- Johnson, O. 445
- Johnson, R. W. 284
- Jones, R. 465
- Jonsson, J. 174–5
- Jordan 243, 467, 600
- Jua, N. 174
- Jubilee Debt Campaign 333
- p. 619↵Judaism 147, 263
- Juma, C. 424
- ‘June Days’ movement 576
- justice 20
K
- Kabeer, N. 30, 35
- Kabila, Laurent 313b
- Kagame, Paul 80, 313b, 365, 366f
- Kaldor, Mary 236, 589, 589b
- Kalita, D. 112b
- Kaplan, Robert, The Revenge of Geography 532b
- Karegeya, Patrick 366f
- Kasfir, N. 376
- Katznelson, Ira 502
- Kazakhstan 93
- Keck, M. E. 218b
- Keegan, John 226, 227, 228
- Kenneth, Rubangakene 593b
- Kenny, C. 67
- Kenya
- appropriate technology 486
- Big Data and malaria 491
- climate change 551b
- COVID-19 601
- developmental state 80
- employment 167f
- independence 310b
- Internet of Things 494
- interventionism 63
- Mau Mau rebellion 288
- Sophie Bot 492
- Kerala 81, 183, 198, 348, 600
- Keynes, Maynard 566, 568, 569
- Keynesian view of capitalist development 64
- Kikandwa Environmental Association 551–2
- Kim, Jim Yong 14
- Kingsolver, Barbara, The Poisonwood Bible 371b, 372
- kinship, and the Mundurucu ‘Indians’ 253–5, 256
- Kiribati 548f
- Kirk, D. 189b
- Kissinger, Henry 11
- Kitching, G. 58, 59, 71, 289
- Koh, L. P. 215b
- Kony, Joseph 234, 235b
- Korten, David 3, 45, 70–1
- Kosovo 90, 234, 240, 444
- Kouchner, Bernard 444
- Krause, K. 231
- Krishna, A. 67
- Krueger, A. B. 212
- Krushchev, Nikita 342
- Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) 378
- Kyoto Protocol 545, 546, 547
- Kyrgyzstan 93
L
- labour
- and democratisation 381
- and semi-proletarianisation 283–4, 284b, 285 see also division of labour; forced labour; work
- labour market
- casualisation 177
- intensification 176
- labour productivity 176, 177b, 178–9
- Lambert, R. 573
- land
- alienation 178
- and colonialism 287
- grabbing 573
- reforms, autocratic regimes 385b
- rights 220
- landed classes, and colonial rule 301b
- Landes, David, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations 573
- land mines 234
- Laos 347
- Latin America
- Aztec civilisation 258b
- biodiversity threats 215b
- debt bondage in 283–4
- economic growth 15
- education 152
- employment in 170t
- Family Planning 2020 Initiative 204t
- future prospects 586b
- global financial crisis 334
- Global Hunger Index 113f
- Green Revolution 110
- health and economic growth 434
- informal sector work 173b
- land reforms 385b
- life expectancy 190f
- population density 195b
- population trends 194f
- primary commodity production 214
- slavery 279
- socialist factions in 342
- total fertility rate 191f
- Latour, Bruno 422, 429–30, 601, 603, 604
- Law, John 422
- LDCs (less developed countries), protectionism and pro-market forces in 63
- leadership, alternative development and post-development 73
- League of Nations, colonial mandates 277
- Learning for All 156–7
- Lebanon 243, 467, 600
- Lee, J. 407b
- Lee Kwan Yew 380
- Lefebvre, H. 556
- Leftwich, Adrian 332, 336, 337, 381
- legitimacy
- armed groups 88
- authoritarian populism 575
- environmental negotiations 210b
- governance reforms 332t
- SDGs 67
- states 78
- war and armed conflicts 235
- legitimation, and global capitalism 52b
- Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
- Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism 276–7
- and the NEP (New Economic Policy) 344
- Lenzen, M. 215b
- Leonardi, R. 85
- Le Pen, Marine 565
- Levasseur, Emile 466–7
- Levy, B. 83
- Lewin, K. 154
- Lewis, Bernard 528, 530, 539
- Li, T. M. 68
- liberal capitalism 5, 11, 20–1, 217, 602
- liberal democracy 364t, 365b, 384, 390–1
- alternatives 375–9
- and capitalist industrialisation 59
- and democratisation 364–70
- and ‘good governance’ 390
- and international power 382–3
- problems of 370–5
- p. 620↵liberalism, embedded 569
- liberal peace 239–40, 241, 243
- Liberia
- child soldiers 234
- war in 232
- water supplies and sanitation facilities 132t
- Libya
- border dispute with Chad 90
- state building 242
- LICs (low-income countries), extreme poverty 44
- life expectancy 127b, 127–9, 142, 188–9, 190f
- China 353
- epidemiological transition theory 437
- non-communicable diseases 439
- sub-Saharan Africa 194b
- Ghana 201b
- Limits to Growth (Meadows et al.) 209
- Limongi, F. 384, 389
- Linz, J. 364
- Lipton, Michael 505
- List, Friedrich 64
- literacy
- missionaries 147
- trends 15
- ‘little d development’ 52–3, 53b
- lived experience 30b
- of employment 175–6
- of poverty 30
- livelihoods 115b, 168, 173
- hunger and famine 115
- living standards
- LLDCs (least-developed countries), in the 1980s 328
- local knowledge, and climate change 555b
- London School of Economics 14b
- lone mothers, and work 402
- López-Uribe, María del 586, 586b
- Lord’s Resistance Army 234, 235b
- loss and damage impacts of climate change 547, 547b, 561
- loss impacts of climate change 547b
- Louridas, P. 423
- Lövbrand, E. 223
- Luckham, R. 243
- Lumumba, Patrice 371b
- Lutheran World Federation 85
- Lutz, W. 194b, 195
- lymphatic filariasis 138
M
- McAfee, A. 574b
- machine learning 492
- McKeown, Thomas, The Role of Medicine 134–5, 140
- McLelland, David 56–7
- Macmillan, Harold 310b
- McNamara, Robert 92, 197
- Maduro, Nicolás 348b
- malaria 129, 129b, 135, 306, 334
- and reproductive health 203b
- Malawi
- developmental state 80
- famine 117
- neopatrimonialism 313b
- Malayan Emergency 240
- Malaysia 215b, 403b, 419b
- Mali 239, 241
- malnutrition 105, 122
- epidemiological transition 141
- forms of 109–10
- Global Nutrition Report 113
- Mexico 438b
- SDGs 105
- transition 437–9
- Malthus, Thomas, on population 106, 114, 121, 196, 197b
- Mamdani, M. 300, 304, 305, 306, 313b
- Mannoni, D., Prospero and Caliban 310
- manufacturing sector, environmental impacts 214–20
- Mao Zedong 342, 346, 347, 350, 351
- Mariátegui, José Carlos 289
- market capitalism 11
- market economics
- climate change 558
- ‘great transformation’ 569
- market efficiency view of intervention 63–4
- market fundamentalism 565, 566–8, 569, 572, 575, 577, 581, 582 see also neoliberalism
- markets
- and capitalist growth 56–8
- and interventionism 63–4
- pro-market and protectionist movements 62–3
- Marlay, R. 370
- Marshall, George 434
- Marshall Plan aid 319, 331
- Maruti Suzuki 571f
- Marx, Karl 85, 283, 284, 286, 342, 343, 355, 500
- Marxism 55, 60–2, 60b, 342, 343, 532b
- education 159
- over-accumulation theory 569
- mass drug administration (MDA) 136–8, 136b, 142
- mass media 234, 469
- maternal health 15, 16t, 203b
- maternal mortality 150, 435
- Maxwell, D. G. 111
- Maya society, collapse of 209
- Mazdur Kisan Shakti Sangathan 580
- Mbembe, Achille, On the Postcolony 310–11
- MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) 5, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 66, 73, 333, 335
- China 351b
- feminist lens 399b
- motivational power 67
- population growth 202–3
- selected improvements and outstanding challenges 16t
- success 17b
- vertical and horizontal inequalities 39
- Meadows, D., Limits to Growth 209
- measles 134b, 134
- Mecca 262
- Médecins Sans Frontières 94t, 444
- medical care, M-TIBA system 512
- medical humanitarianism 443–4, 447
- mega-cities 325b, 503–5, 505b
- industrial pollution 218f
- Meltzer, A. 385b
- men
- and gender analysis of development 395
- household vs individual income 29–30
- and masculine population ratios 402b
- Mendelsohn, B. 535
- mental health 440b
- p. 621↵mercantilism 252, 256, 261, 271, 273f, 275f, 288
- mercenaries 238
- merchants, and colonial capitalism 274–5
- Merck 136
- Mercy Corps 94t
- meritocracy, and education 160, 161
- Merkel, Angela 537
- Mernissi, Fatima 539
- MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) 447
- Mesopotamian society, collapse of 209
- Mexico
- biodiversity threats 215b
- direct democracy in 378
- forced labour 280–1
- Green Revolution 110
- health care spending 441
- import substitution industrialisation 323
- industrial development 216
- inequality 570
- malnutrition crisis 438b
- political violence 231
- pollution and NAFTA 211
- population growth 197
- setbacks in development 10
- Meyer, Aubrey 545
- micro-credit 183b
- micronutrient deficiency 109–10
- MICs (middle-income countries), extreme poverty 44, 45
- middle class
- authoritarian populism 565b
- democratisation 385b
- Middle East
- and democratisation 382
- Family Planning 2020 Initiative 204t
- food riots 112b
- and imperialism 277
- urban centres 503
- migrants
- categories 457–8
- definition 459b
- migration
- changing patterns of poverty and inequality 15
- containment consequences 463–6
- containment stories 470–4
- COVID-19 600
- definition 457–9
- and development 456–79
- future prospects 588b
- global poverty 42
- historical data 459–63
- myths 466–70
- neoliberalism 7b
- sub-Saharan Africa 195b
- and unemployment 177
- young people 590b
- Milanovic, B. 18, 42
- military
- Ebola 447
- infrastructure development 424
- medical humanitarianism 444
- Millennium Development Goals see MDGs
- Mills, C. W. 555–6
- mining
- in colonial territories 278
- environmental impacts 213
- gold miners 36f
- in South Africa 285
- minorities, exclusion in liberal democracy 371–2
- missionaries
- mitigation of climate change 545, 545b, 546f, 557, 558, 559, 561, 588b
- mobile phones
- cities 512
- Digital Integration 494
- environmental impacts 219–20
- gender gap 496
- modernity, and economic growth 321, 323
- modernisation 379, 421
- development as 58–9
- ecological see ecological modernisation
- science and technology 418b
- modern slavery 283b
- Modi, Narendra 82b, 564, 565, 565b, 577, 581
- Mogul Empire 259–61, 260f, 262, 264–6
- Molyneux, M. 403, 404b
- Monaam, Abdou Abdel 13b
- money, mobile 490, 490f, 512
- monopoly capitalism 59, 273f, 276, 276b
- Montreal Protocol 210b
- Moore, M. 332
- Morales, Evo 348b
- moral populism 87b, 235, 537
- morbidity 124, 124b
- Morocco 465
- mortality rates 126–7, 127b, 188b, 188–9
- COVID-19 447–8
- and education 158
- Ghana 201b
- migrants 465–6
- and sex ratios of population 402b
- sub-Saharan Africa