(p. 97) 7. Governance in the European Union 

This chapter examines the ‘governance turn’ in the study of European integration. Three approaches to governance are discussed: the multilevel governance approach, which emphasizes the nature of European Union policy-making as involving a multiplicity of actors on a variety of territorial levels beyond the nation state; the new governance approach (or agenda), which views the EU as a ‘regulatory state’ using nonmajoritarian decision-making to engage in problem-solving; and the study of new modes of governance, drawing on the use of non-binding instruments to make policies at the European level. The chapter also considers some of the important normative debates spawned by the ‘governance turn’ and concludes with some observations about the relevance of the governance approach in the current phase of European integration.