Page numbers followed by an asterisk indicate material in the glossary
Please see under entries for individual countries/regions for specific topics relating to that country
- Aalberts, T. A. 107
- accessions see enlargement and accessions
- accountability and transparency 25, 98, 128–35, 437*, 468*
- Constitutional Treaty 33–5
- economic crisis 228
- European Commission 149
- ‘Future of Europe’ debate 33–5
- Joint Transparency Register (JTR) 207–8
- lobbying 205–9
- locking-in of states 75–6
- neo-functionalism 56
- Transparency Register 135
- trilogues 240
- ACP (African, Caribbean, and Pacific) countries 257–8, 332, 437*
- acquis communautaire
- closer cooperation 24
- EU Council 158
- external relations 118
- opt-outs 23
- Schengen framework 327–8
- Adenauer, Konrad 456*
- advocacy networks or coalitions 120, 437*
- AFSJ see Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ)
- Agenda 2000 363–4, 437*
- agriculture see Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
- Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU) 208–9, 212, 214
- Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive 243–5
- Amsterdam Treaty 7, 24–7, 437*
- Anderson, Christopher 224
- annulment/infringement procedure 194, 196–7, 239, 304, 383, 454*
- Arab Spring 3, 332, 437*
- Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) 24–5, 41, 323–4, 323–42 see also migrant crisis
- citizenship 324–7
- collective agreements 331–2
- Constitutional Treaty 328–9
- cooperation, preludes to 324–5
- normalization of AFSJ 328
- ordinary legislative procedure 180
- policy 323–41
- readmission agreements 330–2
- Schengen area 323–32
- social dimension 323–4
- Arias Cañete, Miguel 180
- Armstrong, Kenneth 90, 146
- Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) 93
- Aspinwall, M. 88
- assent (consent) procedure 20, 200, 441*
- association agreements 20, 271, 306, 421, 437*
- asylum seekers 323–7, 330–40, 430 see also migrant crisis
- Ashton, Catherine 44–5, 168, 286
- austerity policies 8, 96, 228, 315, 381, 385, 426, 429, 434
- social dimension 318
- Aznar, José María 27
- bailouts see stimulus packages/bailouts
- Balassa, Bela 345
- Balkans 5, 166, 269, 271–2, 277–8, 283, 289, 306, 332, 335–8, 427–8
- banking crisis 110, 389–405
- Banking Union 394, 396–8, 402, 404, 431, 434, 438*
- aims 355
- economic crisis 391
- Barnier, Michel 370, 413, 418
- barriers to trade 19, 59, 190, 197, 296–305, 359 see also protectionism
- Barroso, José Manuel/Barroso Commissions 37, 45, 150, 374, 381
- benchmarking 93, 110, 271, 277, 331, 438*
- Benedict XVI, Pope 249
- Berlusconi, Silvio 394
- best practice 7, 241–2, 375, 438*
- Better Regulation agenda 206, 208–9
- Beyers, J. 202
- bipolarity 4, 433, 438*
- Blair, Tony 24, 25, 27, 283, 408
- Bobbio, N. 128
- Bolkestein Directive 37, 118, 438*
- border control 22, 190, 324–8, 331–41
- Börzel, Tanja A. 61
- Bratusek, Alenka 180
- Bretton Woods agreement 346, 389–90, 438*
- Brexit 2, 29, 406–24, 428, 431, 435, 439*
- 1945, UK in Europe after 407–8
- accession 407
- CAP 370
- car manufacturers 305
- civil society 410–11
- Conservatives 407–22
- culture 407
- development assistance 263
- DUP 418
- economic crisis 402
- education level 410
- Europeanization 419
- experts 409–10
- foreign, security and defence policies 292–3
- future relationships 419–22
- globalization 410
- Green Party 411
- historical context 407
- identity discourse 228
- IMF 409
- intergovernmentalism 413
- international standing 423
- Japan model 421
- Joint Committee 417
- Liberal Democrats 411
- migration crisis 420
- new settlement 408–9
- NHS 410
- no-Brexit scenario 421
- OECD 409
- permissive consensus 419
- political groupings 183
- Project Fear 409–10
- protectionism 263
- QMV 413
- red lines 420
- referendum 1975 407
- referendum 2016 162, 220, 223–4, 230, 263, 406–12
- foreign, security and defence policies 293
- immigration 332
- populism 138
- single market 305
- treaty reform 47–8
- turnout 410
- response of EU 48
- Scotland 410–11
- soft Brexit 410–12
- South Korea model 421
- spillback 63
- Swiss option 421
- territorial integrity 410
- Ukranian option 421
- Wales 410–11
- Brown, Gordon 408
- Brussels, Treaty of 13, 15, 468*
- budget 5, 41, 107–8, 113, 137, 161–2, 177–9
- enlargement and accessions 268–9
- Bulmer, Simon 90, 146
- Burley, AM 306
- BUSINESSEUROPE 62, 211–12
- Cairns Group 362
- Cameron, D. 306
- Cameron, David 47–8, 306, 332, 399, 401–2, 407–9
- Canada, Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with 276, 305, 421, 422
- CAP see Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
- capitalism 14, 97–8, 297–8, 303–4
- Cecchini Report 301, 439*
- Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) see also individual countries
- cheap labour 305
- environmental information 118
- public opinion 221
- stabilization and association agreements 306
- central banks 109–10, 344–7, 351–6, 439* see also European Central Bank (ECB)
- CFSP see Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU 34, 36, 39–43, 439*
- ECHR, accession to 198–9
- China 3, 253–6, 260–2, 292, 306, 379, 422–3, 426, 433
- Chirac, Jacques 18, 27, 283
- Ciolos, Dacian 366
- Citizens’ Initiative 7, 36, 41, 44–5, 135–6, 440*
- citizenship 22, 25, 39–42, 76, 86–7, 92, 130–7, 228–30, 324–7 see also Citizens’ Initiative
- Civil Service Tribunal 189–93
- civil society 112, 133–5, 201–7, 213, 216, 223, 227, 410–11, 440*
- closer cooperation 24–5, 28, 283–4, 325–7, 347, 399, 440* see also enhanced cooperation
- Cockfield, Arthur (Lord Cockfield) 301
- Cocks, P. 98
- co-decision procedure see ordinary legislative procedure (OLP)
- cognitive mobilization and identity 226–7, 440*
- Cohesion Fund 247, 316, 440*
- Cohn-Bendit, Danny (Daniel) 185
- Cold War 3, 5, 12–14, 20, 71, 92, 259, 267, 269, 282, 285, 359, 427–8, 433
- collective agreements 319, 331–2, 440*
- collective goods 440*
- Collett, Elizabeth 338
- comitology 109, 111, 134, 153–4, 440*
- Commission see European Commission
- Committee of Permanent Representatives (Coreper) 122–4, 145, 158, 160–6, 172, 204, 208, 240, 440*
- Committee of Professional Agricultural Organizations (COPA) 360, 366
- Committee of the Regions (CoR) 22, 28, 107, 206, 360, 440*
- Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 19, 358–72
- Brexit 370–1
- early days 359
- environmental policy 363–71
- external pressures 362–3
- financial solidarity 359
- individual direct payments 362–70
- inflationist bargaining dynamic 360
- integration 358
- intervention system 359
- MacSharry reform of 1992 362–3
- multifunctionality 363
- redistributive policy, as 360–1
- reform 362–7
- regulation of imports 256
- single market 118–19
- two pillars 364–8
- World Trade Organization 363–5
- Common Commercial Policy (CCP) 15, 36, 159, 254–6, 260, 264, 440*
- Common European Asylum System (CEAS) 333–4, 428
- Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 21–2, 248, 250, 281–94
- Brusselization 286
- chronology 284
- comprehensive security 287
- Court of Justice 190
- European Council 283–6
- European External Action Service 286–7
- European Parliament 287
- European Security and Defence Policy 283–5
- European Security Strategy 288
- institutions and actors 285–7
- international actor, EU as an 287–9
- missions 289–91
- Nice Treaty 27–8
- opt-outs 23–4
- pillar structure 282–3
- Political and Security Committee and sub-committees 285
- Saint Malo Process 283–5
- common external tariff 296–7, 345, 370, 421, 440*
- Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) 122–3
- communitarization 24–5, 170, 324, 327, 441*
- Community method 6, 22, 28, 40, 164, 235–6, 238, 250, 255–7, 441*
- comparative political science 83, 85–7, 97, 105, 112
- competences 6, 19–25, 33, 116–21, 191, 441*
- AFSJ 341
- Constitutional Treaty 36
- democracy and legitimacy 128
- European Commission 153–4
- Europeanization 116–21
- interest groups 203
- Lisbon Treaty 42
- mixed competences 258
- supporting, coordinating or supplementary competence 237
- Treaty reform 47–50
- competition
- EEC 15
- enlargement and accessions 277–8
- European Commission 145
- exclusive competence 36
- institutionalism 88
- Lisbon Treaty 39
- regulation 109
- single market 296–308
- conciliation committee 180, 203, 441*
- conditionality 113, 117–22, 257–8, 273–8, 402, 441*
- confederations 27, 70, 74–5, 346, 441*
- consensus building
- interest groups 203
- Constitutional Treaty 31–9, 47–9, 431, 442*
- accountability and transparency 33–5
- AFSJ 328
- democracy and legitimacy 135–7
- enlargement and accessions 37
- Euroscepticism 35–6
- ‘Future of Europe’ debate 32–5
- language of ‘constitution’ 41
- no votes crisis and reflection 36–7
- structure 35–6
- constitutionalization 33, 96, 98, 442*
- constructivism 64, 86–7, 89–95, 99, 107, 119, 122–4, 274–6, 288, 307, 442*
- Convention on the Future of Europe 33–5, 328, 431, 442*
- convergence 23, 73, 345–51, 355–6, 368–9, 378, 400, 414–15, 429, 442*
- cooperation procedure 20, 181, 301, 440* see also enhanced cooperation; intergovernmentalism
- Copenhagen Climate Change Conference 269, 379
- Copenhagen criteria 4, 118, 269–73, 442*
- Corbyn, Jeremy 411
- core Europe 24, 442*
- Coreper (Committee of Permanent Representatives) 122–4, 145, 158, 160–6, 172, 204, 208, 240, 440*
- corporatism 120, 202, 300, 318–20, 442*
- cosmopolitanism 98, 226, 443*
- Cotonou system 257–9
- Council of Europe 12–14, 144, 325, 443*
- Council of the EU 3–4, 157–75, 285–7
- absorption capacity 172
- blocking minority 169
- Community method 164
- council configurations 159–61
- hierarchy and enigmatic traits 158–61
- integration 170–2
- migration policy 144
- ministers’ Councils 162–3
- Secretary-General 167
- social dimension 311–20
- spillover 59
- subsidiarity 171
- trilogues 240
- trust, levels of 226
- Court of Auditors 22, 179, 190
- Court of First Instance (General Court) 20, 28, 190–3
- Court of Justice (CJEU) 189–200
- Advocates-General 191–2
- annulment procedure (judicial review) 194
- appointments 192–3
- CFSP 190
- chambers 192–3
- citizenship 131
- composition 192–3
- damages 194–6
- direct actions 193–5
- EMU 350
- environmental policy 377
- history 190–1
- interest groups 204
- intergovernmentalism 190
- interpretation 189–98
- judicial review 194
- jurisdiction 193–6
- member states, reaction of 196–8
- oral stage 192–3
- pillar structure 190–1
- President 192
- procedure 192–3
- Registrar 192
- state liability for breach of EU law 196
- structure 192–3
- types of legal acts 195
- Cox, Robert 97
- crisis management 25, 118, 283–9, 393–402, 429–30
- critical juncture 76, 90, 426, 428, 443*
- critical theories 91, 96–8
- Croatia 4, 47, 166–7, 274, 278
- Cuba 248–9
- Curtin, D. 22
- customs union 414–21, 443*
- competences 36
- EMU 346
- integration 345
- regional integration 93
- cyber-security 340
- Czech Republic 47
- da Conceição-Heldt, Eugénia 122
- damages, actions for 194–6
- Davies, David 413
- Davignon Report 443*
- decisions, definition of 195
- defence see Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP); foreign, security and defence policy
- de Gaulle, Charles 72–3, 77, 171, 270, 274, 407, 439*
- delegated legislation 133, 145, 194–5, 243–4, 443*
- delegation 61, 71–2, 78–80, 89, 108–11, 123, 164, 391, 413, 443*
- Delors, Jacques/Delors Report 19–20, 213, 301, 347–8, 431, 444*
- democracy and legitimacy 36, 86, 127–40, 444* see also democratic deficit
- back-sliding 121
- common identity 129
- Community method 133
- Constitutional Treaty 135–7
- democracy, definition of 128
- enlargement and accessions 267–73
- ‘Future of Europe’ debate 33–5
- illiberal democracies 428–9
- migration policy 137
- permissive consensus 128–30
- policy 128–38
- public opinion 227–9
- sovereignty 137
- democratic deficit 45, 128–30, 137, 444*
- budget 137
- decision-making procedures 171
- economic crisis 137–138
- elites 138
- migration crisis 137–8
- permissive consensus 128–30
- populism 138
- security crisis 137–8
- social purpose 95–6
- solidarity 137
- technocratic governance for democracy, substituting 2
- terrorism 137–8
- trust, level of 226
- Denmark 13–18, 37
- CAP 368
- environment 377
- Deutsch, Karl 85
- developing countries 253–65, 365, 433
- development see development assistance; trade and development policies
- development assistance 253–65, 433
- Diez, Thomas 99
- differentiation 23–5, 29, 121, 172–3, 202–3, 245, 271, 274, 276, 320, 371, 419, 431–4, 444*
- diplomacy 7, 168, 256, 287–9
- direct actions 193–5, 444*
- direct effect 18, 128, 191, 195, 377, 444*
- directives 145, 153, 255, 444
- Community method 164
- direct effect 377
- framework directives 452*
- negotiating directives 255
- ordinary legislative procedure 36
- disaster relief 262
- discrimination and equality 7, 313–16, 320 see also gender equality; nationality discrimination
- disintegration concept 419, 423, 425–9
- Doha Development Round 364, 444*
- Dooge Committee 301, 444*
- double or dual majority system of voting 26, 35–6, 41, 167, 169, 445*
- Drachenberg, Ralf 61
- Draghi, Mario 394–6, 428
- Dreger, J. 214
- drugs 325–7, 330–1
- Dublin Convention 1990 330–1, 333, 338
- Dublin III Convention 333
- Dublin Regulation 334, 428
- dumping 255, 261, 298, 305, 316, 320, 445*, 466*
- Dunkirk, Treaty of 13, 469*
- Durfee, Mary 93
- Easton, David 86
- Eberlein, B. 109
- ECB see European Central Bank (ECB)
- ECJ see Court of Justice (CJ)
- Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN) 159–60, 163, 165, 344, 350, 398–9, 448*
- Economic and Financial Committee (EFC) 165, 170, 347
- Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 23, 343–57, 430–2, 445*
- AFSJ 328
- component parts 343–5
- criticisms 352–5
- European Union, establishment and development of 27–8
- genuine EMU (GEMU) 430–2
- historical background 346–50
- institutional design, criticism of 353
- monetary union, definition of 345
- opt-outs 245
- outside eurozone, countries which are 352–3
- political science perspective 351–2
- populism 137
- relaunch 346–8
- economic and social cohesion 20, 22, 303
- economic crisis 7, 198, 389–405, 426 see also stimulus packages/bailouts
- accountability and transparency 228
- Brexit 402
- closer cooperation 399
- disintegration concept 428
- Euroscepticism 138
- extremism and radicalism 138
- institutions 390–405
- leadership 433–4
- neoliberalism 3
- single market 296
- social crisis 2
- social dimension 317–21
- solidarity 137
- treaty reform 47–9
- economic power 253–4, 262–3, 381
- EEAS see European External Action Service (EEAS)
- efficiency 88, 359, 366, 368, 445*
- allocative efficiency 95
- delegation 78
- democracy and legitimacy 128
- integration 71
- Laeken Declaration 34
- treaty reform 40–2
- egocentric utilitarianism 222–4, 229
- Eichengreen, Barry 428
- elections to European Parliament 19, 176–9
- composition after 2018 elections 183
- constituencies 185–6
- loyalty shift 58
- MEP Protocol 46
- national issues 224
- political groupings 45
- proportional representation 185
- elites
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU 131
- democratic deficit 138
- integration 86
- interest groups 216
- neo-functionalism 56–66
- embedded liberalism 96, 303, 445*
- emissions 241, 315, 374–5, 379–84
- emotions 223–4, 230, 409
- employment policy 310–11, 313–21
- ‘empty chair’ crisis 17–18, 72, 169, 171, 389, 446*
- EMU see Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
- enhanced cooperation 24, 28–9, 39–40, 158, 169, 172, 245, 446* see also closer cooperation
- enlargement and accessions 23–9, 266–80, 446*
- accession process 267–74
- capacity building 118
- cooperation and verification mechanism 271
- Coreper 172
- differentiated integration 276
- economic power 263
- Europe agreements 271
- European Partnership Agreements 271
- external relations 268
- fatigue 277–8
- future 277–8
- Future of Europe debate 25–8
- geopolitics 278
- police cooperation 328
- process and actors 270–4
- quasi-colonialism 276
- veto 16
- voting 172
- who can join 4–5
- yellow card procedure 28
- environmental policy 373–86
- actor dynamics 377–8
- CAP 364–71
- development of policy 374–8
- enlargement and accessions 383
- environmental impact assessments 375
- European Environmental Bureau 378
- foreign policy 379
- future challenges 380–4
- implementation, strengthening 379–80
- integration 375–85
- internationalization 379
- key items of policy 376
- key principles 375
- management 375
- new environmental policy instruments 375
- ordinary legislative procedure 180
- regulatory state, EU as 376
- epistemic communities 104, 111–12, 120, 123, 446*
- equal pay 119, 311, 313, 315
- Erasmus 238, 446*
- Ersbøll, Niels 167
- Euratom 190, 447*
- Eurobarometer 98, 221, 222–3, 227
- EURODAC (European Dactyloscopy) 330–1, 333
- Euro Plus Pact 446*
- Euro summitsp. 531↵ 161–5, 168, 396–401, 446*
- Eurogroup 39, 41, 160, 162–3, 166, 170, 344, 395–404, 446*
- Eurojust (Judicial Cooperation Unit) 331, 339
- Europe 2020 241, 246, 303, 318, 321, 354, 447*
- Europe Agreements 271, 447*
- European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) 316, 359, 447*
- European Arrest Warrant (EAW) 339–40, 447*
- European Central Bank (ECB) 3–4, 344–6, 447*
- establishment 22
- independence 353
- supervision 431
- trust, levels of 226
- European Centre of Employers and Enterprises providing Public Services and Services (CEEP) 211–12
- European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 14–16, 22, 56, 144, 151, 177, 190, 433, 447*
- European Commission 3–4, 143–56
- accountability and transparency 148
- CAP 360–71
- censure 179
- commercial policy 256
- Commissioners 147–50
- Community method 255–7
- competition 145
- culture 88
- delegation 109–11
- democracy and legitimacy 128–39
- departments and services 148
- EMU 347–56
- environmental policy 374–84
- European Central Bank 113
- European Council 144–6
- functions 144–6
- influence 146–7
- migration policy 144
- multi-sectoral and multi-functional, as 145
- nationalities 150–3
- networks 153–4
- populism 152
- scrutiny 180
- Stability and Growth Pact 350
- trust, levels of 226
- European Communities 12, 18, 20, 22, 29, 87
- European Company Statute 299, 320, 447*
- European Convention on Human Rights, accession to 39, 198–9, 448*
- European Council 3–4, 16–28, 448*
- anti-globalization protests 162
- budget 161–2
- CFSP 283–4
- composition 158
- economics ministers 159–60
- European Parliament 171
- federalism 158
- foreign ministries 159
- institutionalization 162
- interest groups 204
- Leaders Agenda 164
- meetings 160–7
- package deals 161
- supranationalism 161
- European Court of Justice see Court of Justice (CJ)
- European Defence Community (EDC) 14, 389, 448*
- European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) 28, 204–5, 448*
- European Economic Community (EEC) 15–20, 22, 128, 260, 264, 311, 373–4, 448*
- European Employment Strategy (EES) 162, 448*
- European Environmental Bureau (EEB) 212, 214
- European External Action Service (EEAS) 286–7, 448*
- CFSP, ‘Brusselization’ of 286–7
- composition 286
- development assistance 259
- terrorism 340
- European Financial Stabilization Mechanism (EFSM) 394, 449*
- European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) 354, 394, 449*
- European Free Trade Area (EFTA) 5, 16, 17–18, 267, 449*
- European Globalization Adjustment Fund (EGF) 316–17, 449*
- European Judicial Area (EJA) 331
- European Monetary System (EMS) 19, 162, 346–7,
- European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) 4, 118, 120, 449*
- European Ombudsman 7, 22, 131, 181, 449*
- European Parliamentp. 532↵ 148, 163, 176–88, 197 see also elections to European Parliament
- Better Lawmaking, inter-institutional agreement on 181
- Citizens’ Initiative 135–6
- commercial policy 256
- committees 180–4
- composition 58
- constitutional change 182
- cooperation procedure 301
- dismissal powers 177–80
- efficiency 180–1
- EMU 353
- enhanced cooperation 245
- European Council 181
- European Stability Mechanism 182
- Euroscepticism 183
- evolution 177
- informal decision-making, shift to 180–1
- intergovernmental issues, involvement in 180
- Interinstitutional Agreement on Better Law-Making (IIABL) 238
- internal politics 182–5
- judicial review 197
- loyalty shifts 58
- media 229
- MEP Protocol to Lisbon Treaty 46
- neo-functionalism 58–9
- power and influence 177–9
- rapporteurs 184
- seats, number of 183
- size 25
- special legislative powers 181
- trust, levels of 226
- vetoes 181–2
- voter turnout 185–6
- European Partnership Agreements (EPAs) 271, 449*
- European Political Community (EPC) 15, 71, 449*
- European Political Cooperation (EPC) 15, 18, 74, 282, 450*
- European Rapid Reaction Force (ERRF) 28, 283, 289, 463*
- European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 18, 107, 316, 450*
- European Securities Markets Programme (SMP) 394, 450*
- European Security Strategy (ESS) 292
- European semester 72, 113, 146, 246–7, 250, 317–18, 321, 353–5, 430, 450*
- European Social Dialogue 202, 211–12, 275, 319, 450*
- European Social Fund (ESF) 18, 310–11, 316–21, 450*
- European Stability Mechanism (ESM) 33, 46–7, 182, 354–5, 390, 394, 449*
- European System of Central Banks (ESCB) 344, 346–7, 350*
- European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) 212
- European Transparency Initiative (ETI) 135, 206
- ‘European Union Decides’ project 122–3
- European Union, establishment and development of 11–29
- activities of EU 6–7
- definition of EU 3–4
- enlargements and accessions 25–9
- ‘Future of Europe’ debate 25–8
- institutions 12–29
- integration 12–29
- union, meaning of 21–2
- European Union Military Staff (EUMS) 283, 285
- Europeanization 115–26, 450*
- administrative structures 120–5
- Brexit 419
- democratic back-sliding 121
- economic crisis 117
- education and training 289
- global financial crisis 117
- interest groups 216–17
- media 228
- migration policy 118
- Schengen area 118–19
- sequential perspective 124
- social dimension 213
- voting power 122–4
- Europol (European Police Office) 327, 330–1, 336, 339–40, 449*
- Euroscepticism 219, 223–30, 450*
- Constitutional Treaty 35–6
- definition 220
- economic crisis 426
- elections 2
- EMU 352
- Euroneutral category 220
- ‘Future of Europe’ debate 35
- hard and soft Euroscepticism 220
- migration policy 434
- treaty reform 47–9
- Eurosclerosis 18–19, 162, 451*
- Eurostat 98, 151, 383, 451*
- eurozone see Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
- exchange rates 343–53, 356, 390, 451*
- external relations see trade and development policies
- extradition 325, 339, 429
- extremism and radicalism 138
- Farage, Nigel 183, 411
- Featherstone, Kevin 276, 321, 419
- federalism 12, 47, 48–9, 72–3, 106, 158, 296, 427, 430–2, 451*
- finalité politique 28–9, 45, 452*
- financial crisisp. 533↵ see economic crisis
- Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance (FIFG) 316, 452*
- fingerprinting 330, 333, 336, 339–40
- Fiscal Compact 33, 46–7, 146, 220, 354–5, 390, 397–402, 430, 452*
- Fischer Boel, Mariann 368–9
- Fischer, Joschka 27–8, 431
- FitzGibbon, John 220, 223
- flexibility mechanisms 24, 110, 250, 276, 302, 350, 371, 419, 423, 452*
- foreign, security, and defence policy 6, 18, 281–94, 433 see also Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ); Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP); High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
- Berlin-plus arrangements 283–4
- Brexit 292–3
- enlargement and accessions 272
- environmental policy 379
- European political cooperation 289
- European Security and Defence Policy 283–5
- future 292–3
- Global Strategy 292
- peacekeeping and enforcement 289
- sovereignty 282
- Forster, Anthony 79
- Fortress Europe 324, 341, 452*
- Foucault, Michel 86, 98–9
- Fouchet Plan 17, 452*
- Fox, Liam 411
- France
- economic governance 247
- Mayotte, status of 47
- terrorism 339–40
- Frankel, JA 351
- Frankfurt School 97, 453*
- free movement see also Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ); Schengen Area
- single market 296–7
- social poliocy 60
- free riders 349, 362
- free trade areas (FTAs) 5, 16, 93, 256, 296, 345–6, 453*
- Frontex 331–2, 447*
- full economic union (FEU) 346, 453*
- full political union (FPU) 346, 453*
- functionalism see neo-functionalism
- future of EU 48, 425–35
- disintegration 425–9
- external environment 432–3
- intervening factors 432–4
- leadership, challenge of 433–4
- sovereignty 431–2
- ‘Future of Europe’ debate 28–9, 33–5, 442*
- game theory 89, 453*
- Garrett, Geoffrey 89, 306
- GATT 362, 453* see also WTO
- gender equality 98, 119, 315–16
- General Court (Court of First Instance) 20, 28, 190–3
- genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) 6, 110–11, 376
- Germany
- economic governance 247
- EMU 345–52
- Europeanization 116–21
- federalism 106
- France 433–4
- leadership 433–4
- reconstruction after Second World War 2
- unification 433
- Gill, S. 98, 111
- Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 35
- Global Approach to Migration and Mobility (GAMM) 334
- Global Strategy 292
- globalization 37, 92–4, 109, 139, 162, 262, 264, 304–7, 316–19, 392, 410, 432–3, 453*
- Good Friday Agreement 411, 413–15
- governance 102–13 see also Fiscal Compact (Stability, Coordination and Governance Treaty)
- AFSJ 341
- Community method 238
- conceptualizing governance 103–5
- Constitutional Treaty 32
- Council 172–3
- development assistance 257
- distributional mode 238
- European regulatory state 108–10
- eurozone crisis, managing the 113
- fiscal governance 279
- institutionalization 104
- intensive transgovernmentalism 238
- judicial review 109–10
- media 228–9
- new constitutionalism 111
- normative debates 110–12
- open method of coordination 134
- participation 133–4
- regional policy, reform of 107
- regulatory state 103–4
- representative democracy 113
- sector-specificp. 534↵ 104
- single market 108–9
- social dimension 315–18
- soft governance 316–17
- technocratic governance 113
- Gramsci, Antonio 98
- Grande, W. 109
- Greece
- EMU 349
- European Parliament, elections to 184–5
- infringement proceedings 194
- single market 20
- social dimension 321
- sovereignty 118
- trade and development 261
- Greenwood, J. 214
- Haas, Ernst B. 56–7, 63–4, 65–6, 85, 161
- Hague Programme 323, 331, 333–4, 454*
- Hall, Peter 88
- Hallstein, Walter 470*
- harmonization 20, 36, 40, 154, 236–7, 296, 298–302, 311–17, 344, 454*
- health and safety 20, 59, 302, 312, 314–15
- health policy 60
- Heath, Edward 407
- High Authority 14, 145, 151, 177, 184, 454*
- High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy 44, 454*
- appointment 168
- cabinet 168
- Commission Group of External Action 168
- historical context 2–3, 11–25, 57, 190–2, 267–70, 296–7, 346–50
- integration 2
- Hix, S. 104
- Hoffmann, Stanley 70, 72–3
- Hollande, François 278
- Hooghe, Liesbet 106–7, 226
- Horkheimer, Max 97
- Hübner, Danuta 203
- human rights 39, 41–3, 198–9, 448* see also Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU
- humanitarian aid 25, 41, 159, 262, 282–3, 287, 333–5, 338
- Hungary
- cohesion fund 247
- Constitutional Treaty 36
- EMU 356
- judicial activism 198
- identity 73, 91–2, 129–30, 226–7, 269–70, 275, 293, 314, 410
- immigration see also asylum seekers; migrant crisis
- Court of Justice 190
- infringement/annulment proceedings 194–7, 239, 454*
- institutions
- CFSP 285–7
- Common Commercial Policy 260
- comparative political science 85–7
- Constitutional Treaty 36
- culture 87–90
- economic crisis 390–405
- European Union, establishment and development of 12–29
- external relations 253–65
- formal and informal institutions 87–8
- lock-in 90
- multilevel character 87–8
- neoliberalism 93–8
- pillar structure 22–3
- relation between institutions 170–1
- transaction costs 95
- Initiative for Europe 48–9
- integration 7, 72, 83–99, 455* see also intergovernmentalism; neo-functionalism
- barriers to trade 190
- CAP 358
- classical debate, limits of 84–6
- critical theories 96–8
- customs union 345–6
- environmental policy 374–85
- European Commission 144
- European Defence Community 14–15
- European Union, establishment and development of 12–29
- five pathways 87
- gender 98
- historical context 11–23
- interest groups 206
- international actor, EU as 94–5
- international political economy 92–5
- Lisbon Treaty 38
- nation state, rescue of the 71
- new institutionalism 86–91
- new regionalism 93–4
- normative political theory 86
- policy 250
- political science 86–91
- rational choice and science of EU studies 90–1
- regional integration 236
- Second World War, after 2
- sectoral integration 465*
- social constructivism 90–1
- social dimension 311–18
- transnational integration 433
- transaction-based theory of integration 65
- intensive transgovernmentalism 6, 238
- interdependence 63–4, 71, 74, 76–7, 275, 319, 432, 455*
- interest groups 201–19, 455*
- code of conduct 206
- competences 203
- consensus building 203
- corporatism 202
- Court of Justice 204
- diffuse interests 213–17
- elites 216
- European Council 204
- European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) 204–5
- European Social Dialogue 202
- European Transparency Initiative 135
- federations 209–11
- financial support 214–15
- information, exchange of 205
- institutions 201–19
- Lisbon Treaty 204
- member states, power shared with 205
- neo-corporatism 202
- neo-functionalism 56
- Netherlands 216
- non-business interests 213–14
- ordinary legislative procedure 204
- pluralism 202
- politicization 215
- preliminary rulings 204
- pressure groups 202
- registration 205–10
- QMV 203
- supranational interest group hypothesis 56–63
- variety of interest groups 209
- whistleblowing 206
- interest intermediation 120, 455*
- interest rates 109, 344–5, 347–8, 353–4, 392, 394, 455*
- INTEREURO project 216
- intergovernmental conferences (IGCs) 20, 23–9, 32–6, 79, 135, 145–6, 181, 455*
- intergovernmentalism 21–3, 69–81, 455* see also intergovernmental conferences
- Brexit 413
- classical intergovernmentalism 72
- Community method 28
- confederalism 74–5
- cost-benefit analysis 71
- Court of Justice 190
- definition 70–2
- description, theory, and method 70
- domestic politics approach 75–7
- economic crisis 400
- European Parliament 180
- foreign policy 282–8
- governance 106–7
- liberal intergovernmentalism theory 70, 76–80, 84, 88, 92, 105–7, 116, 122, 146, 269, 274–5, 400, 456*
- locking-in of states 75–6
- neoliberalism 76
- new intergovernmentalism 80
- policy-making 6
- international actor, EU as 95–6, 282–5, 287–9
- International Labour Organization (ILO) 318
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) 113, 390, 393–8, 403, 409
- international organization, EU as 3, 128–9, 144, 190
- international organizations 3, 66, 70, 73, 128–9, 144, 190, 286
- international political economy (IPE) 72, 85, 92–7
- international relations see external relations
- international trade 94–5, 180, 198, 262–3, 306, 362–3, 433 see also barriers to trade; World Trade Organization (WTO)
- interpretation of EU law 189–98
- interventionism 108, 282, 296–300, 303, 311–12, 315–17, 455*
- Ioannina Compromise 41, 455*
- Ireland
- Common Fisheries Policy 123
- Nice Treaty 400
- Italyp. 536↵
- austerity measures 96
- enlargement 25
- integration 14
- judicial activism 298
- Lisbon Treaty 47
- public opinion 229
- Seveso accident 382
- state liability 196
- trade and development 261
- Jabko, N. 306
- Jachtenfuchs, Markus 85, 103
- Jacoby, W. 275
- JHA (justice and home affairs) 21–2, 29, 159–60, 164, 324–31, 339–41
- Johnson, Boris 411
- joint decision trap 76, 312, 456*
- judges
- independence 173
- Juncker, Jean-Claude/Juncker Commission 45, 58, 67, 136, 148, 151, 179, 184, 206, 278, 339, 354–5, 374, 381, 398, 431
- justice and home affairs (JHA) 21–2, 29, 159–60, 164, 324–31, 339–41
- Kaczynski, Jaroslaw 163
- Kaczyński, Lech 43
- Kallas, Siim 185
- Keohane, Robert 63
- Ketola, Markus 230
- Keynes, John Maynard 96, 301, 456*
- Kissinger, Henry 168
- Klaus, Vaclav 33, 43
- Kohl, Helmut 20, 348, 362
- Korean War 14
- Kronsell, A. 98
- Kyoto Protocol 379–81
- Laeken Declaration 33–4
- laissez-faire 456*
- languages 41, 129, 131, 152, 164, 167
- language, use and role of 41, 92, 94, 275
- LEADER initiatives 368, 456*
- leadership 433–4
- League of Nations 456*
- Le Foll, Stéphane 369
- legislation see also ordinary legislative procedure (OLP)
- decisions, definition of 195
- procedure 239–46
- recommendations and opinions 193–4
- legitimacy see democracy and legitimacy
- Le Pen, Marine 183, 402–3
- Lenaerts, Koen 198
- liberal intergovernmentalism 76–80, 274–5, 275, 400, 456*
- European Commission 146
- governance 105–7
- neo-functionalism 64
- Liberatore, A. 380
- Lindberg, Leon 58, 61, 85, 400
- Lindblom, Charles 429
- Lisbon Agenda/Process/Strategy 303, 321, 381, 399, 457*
- Lisbon Treaty 37–50, 457*
- budget 179
- CAP 360
- Community method 40
- delegated legislation 136
- enhanced cooperation 39–40
- Eurosceptics 48
- foreign, security, and defence policy 283–4
- ‘Future of Europe’ debate 29
- implementation 44–5
- interest groups 204
- JHA 41
- main elements 39–41
- MEP Protocol 46
- negotiations 37–8
- QMV 242
- reforms 29
- simplified revision procedures 45–6
- structure 39
- lobbying 129, 134–5, 149–51, 182, 260–1, 376–8
- accountability and transparency 205–9
- civil society 206–7
- Committee of the Regions 206
- CONECCS (Consultation, the European Commission and Civil Society) database 206
- Coreper 208
- democratic deficit 205–7
- European Commission 205–8
- European Parliament 205–8
- European Transparency Initiative (ETI) 206
- governance 206
- input legitimacy 206
- integration 206
- Joint Transparency Register (JTR) 207–8
- NGOs 208
- output legitimacy 206
- permissive consensus 206
- registration 205–8
- regulation 205–9
- Lomé system 257–9
- loyalty transfer 58, 61, 66
- Luxembourg Compromise 17, 72, 169, 457*
- Maastricht Treaty see Treaty on European Union (TEU)
- Macken, Fidelma 192
- Macron, Emmanuel 32–3, 48–50, 403, 422, 425–6, 431–2, 434
- Majone, G. 109, 307, 401
- Major, John 407–8
- Majoritarianism 104, 109, 129, 169, 457* see also non-majoritarianism
- Mandel, E. 98
- Manners, I. 98
- Mansholt, Sicco 367
- Marks, Gary 107, 226
- Marshall Plan 14
- Marshall, T. H. 311
- Marxism 86, 97–8
- Mattli, W. 306, 390
- May, Theresa 172, 410
- Mearsheimer, John 427
- measures having equivalent effect (MEQR) 197
- media 7, 35, 129, 132, 137–8, 145, 220–1, 227–9
- civil society 227
- Europeanization 228
- framing 229
- governance 228–9
- permissive consensusp. 537↵ 228
- populism 336
- public opinion 228–9
- social media 229
- membership see enlargement and accessions
- Merkel, Angela 37–9, 42, 44, 163, 278, 334–5, 338, 393–5, 400, 403, 422, 428, 430, 433–4
- Michel, Charles 163
- migrant crisis 2, 45, 323–4
- asylum applications per member state 335
- asylum policies, conflation with 336
- Balkan Route 335
- capacity 144
- Council 144
- democracy and legitimacy 137–8
- disintegration 429
- drivers 335–6
- emergency relocation mechanisms 336–7
- EU Agency for Asylum 430
- EU-Turkey Refugee Agreement 337
- EU-Turkey Statement 268
- European Agenda on Migration 336
- European Asylum Support Office (EASO) 338
- European Border and Coast Guard Agency 430
- European Commission 144
- European Return Intervention Teams 118
- Europeanization 118
- Euroscepticism 434
- externalization 336–7
- Hotspot approach between European Border and Coast Guard Agency (EASO) and humanitarian crisis, as 334–5, 338
- people smuggling and trafficking 334–5
- Russia 426
- Schengen area 137
- Search and Rescue (SAR) operation 335
- security crisis 334
- single market 116
- sovereignty 118
- welfare systems 277
- Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 257
- Miller, Gina 410–11
- Milward, Alan 71
- Mitterrand, François 14, 18–20, 362
- Mogherini, Federica 45, 168, 286, 292
- monetary policy 344–7, 351–3, 356
- central banks, independence of 109
- economic crisis 430
- single market 20
- trade and development 270–3
- Monnet, Jean 8, 128, 377, 390, 456*
- Monti, Mario/Monti Report 296, 303–4, 458*
- Moravcsik, Andrew 64–5, 70, 77–81, 84, 88, 400–1
- multi-speed Europe 24, 29, 271, 328, 458*
- mutual recognition 108, 297–9, 302–4, 331–2, 421, 458*
- national sovereignty see sovereignty
- nationalism see also supranationalism
- democracy and legitimacy 127–8
- development policies 261
- economic nationalism 95
- enlargement 277
- hyper-nationalism 427
- Schengen area 332
- single market 304
- nationality discrimination 131, 197, 296, 297, 300, 311
- NATO 13, 15, 144, 282–8, 292
- Navracsics, Tibor 180
- neo-corporatism 202, 300, 459*
- neo-functionalism 55–67, 459* see also spillover and neo-functionalism
- definition 56–7
- enlargement and accessions 274–5
- institutions 56–67
- political integration 57–66
- supranational interest group hypothesis 56–66
- neoliberalism 3, 32, 76, 93–9, 110–12, 297, 308, 311–12, 371
- neo-realism 70–1, 94–5, 288, 459*
- new constitutionalism 111
- new regionalism 93–4, 459*
- Nice Treaty 27–8, 459*
- AFSJ 328
- CAP 360
- CFSP 278
- Court of Justice 190
- democracy and legitimacy 130
- economic crisis 400
- enlargement and accessions 27–8
- environmental policy 377
- European Union, establishment and development of 27–8
- General Court 193
- ordinary legislative procedure 313
- referenda 7
- social dimension 313
- summits 164–8
- Niemann, Arne 65
- non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 111, 182, 202–3, 208, 213–15
- non-majoritarianism 104, 108–10, 307, 401, 459*
- Normative Power Europe 288–9, 460*
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 93
- Northern Ireland
- DUP 418
- Norway 263, 305, 410, 419–21
- Nye, Joseph 63
- OECD 362, 375, 409, 460*
- OLP see ordinary legislative procedure (OLP)
- ombudsmen 7, 22, 131, 449**
- open method of coordination (OMC) 6–7, 133–4, 311, 317–18, 354, 460*
- opt-ins/opt-outs 40, 245, 352, 460*
- acquis communautaire 23
- Schengen area 328
- orange card systemp. 538↵ 44, 460*
- Orbán, Viktor 121, 428
- ordinary legislative procedure (OLP) 111, 460*
- competence 44
- democracy and legitimacy 130
- environmental policy 180
- interest groups 204
- trilogues 240
- Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 14, 460*
- organised crime 340
- Osborne, George 409
- package deals 122–3, 161, 461*
- Papandreou, George 393
- Pareto optimal 108–10
- Parker, O. 98
- parliament see European Parliament
- participation 128, 130–7, 227–30 see also Citizens’ Initiative
- Passerelle clause 45–6, 461*
- path dependence 76, 90
- peacekeeping 25, 282–3, 287–9
- permanent structured cooperation (PESCO) 39, 172, 293, 461*
- permissive consensus 7, 56, 86–7, 128–30, 206, 219–3, 228, 400, 419, 461*
- Petersberg tasks 25, 284, 461*
- Piattoni, Simona 106
- Pieper, Markus 215
- Pierson, Paul 76, 90
- pillar structure 22–5, 29, 34, 36, 190–1, 282–4, 323–31, 363–70, 461*
- Platform of European Social NGOs (Social Platform) 212
- Polanyi, K. 95
- police and judicial cooperation 24, 41, 190, 323–31, 339–41
- policy and policy-making 6–7, 235–52 see also Common Agricultural Policy (CAP); environmental policy; foreign, security and defence policy; monetary policy; trade and development policies
- AFSJ 323–41
- Commission Work Programme 238
- comparative policy analysis 307
- consultation 239–40
- convergence 6
- Coreper 240
- cycle 238–9
- delegated acts, introduction of 243–4
- democracy and legitimacy 128–38
- distributional mode 238
- diversity 244–5
- enlargement and accessions 267–79
- Europeanization 116–24
- evaluation 238–9
- five modes 6
- harmonization 236–7
- impact assessments 239
- infringement proceedings 239
- institutions 236
- integration 250
- intensive transgovernmentalism 238
- intergovernmental policy-making 6
- legislative procedure 239–46
- networks 104
- obligation and enforcement 238
- pre-emption 236
- public opinion 219–20
- QMV 244
- regional cooperation 236
- regional integration 236
- regulations 239
- Rome Treaty 235–6
- single market 254
- social dimension 310–21
- political integration 12, 14–15, 18, 27, 57–66, 190
- political opportunity structure 118–19, 462*
- political psychology 221, 226–7
- political science 84–94, 97–100, 125, 221–2, 350–2, 393
- population of EU/EU member states 167, 169, 267
- populism
- EMU 137
- European Commission 152
- media 228
- neo-liberalism 308
- trade and development policies 261
- poverty 213, 246, 287, 318, 330, 335, 368
- preliminary rulings 193–9, 204, 327, 462*
- presidencies
- Spitzenkandidat 45
- Prodi, Romano 26, 150, 152
- proportionality 39–41, 152, 197, 463*
- protectionism 95, 260–3, 297, 300, 362
- public opinion 8, 219–31 see also democratic deficit; Euroscepticism; referenda
- civil society 223
- identity 226–7
- mass publics 225–6
- permissive consensus 219–3
- political elites 336
- trust, levels of 226
- Puetter, Uwe 162
- Putin, Vladimir 427
- Putnam, Robert 76
- Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) 6, 20, 35–6, 463*
- AFSJ 328
- blocking minority 169
- Brexit 413
- CAP 360
- consensus 169
- interest groups 203
- Ioannina Compromise 41
- Luxembourg Compromise 169
- policy 244–5
- Stability and Growth Pact 354–5
- triple majority system 169
- quantitative easing 395, 463*
- racism and xenophobia 340
- rapid reaction forces 28, 283, 289, 463
- rapporteurs 184–5, 463*
- rationalism/rationality 87–92, 97–8, 107, 118, 122, 124, 221–4, 429, 463*
- realism 67, 73–4, 76, 95, 427, 463* see also neo-realism
- recommendations and opinions 194–5
- reconstruction after WWII 2, 12–14
- referenda see also under individual countries
- Fiscal Compact 390
- Nice Treaty 7
- reflection groups 24, 182, 463*
- reflectivism 91–2, 99, 463*
- refugees see asylum seekers; migrant crisis
- regionalism 93–4, 459*
- regulations 194–5, 239, 463*
- regulatory mode 6, 238
- regulatory state, EU as a 97, 103–4, 108–12, 376, 464*
- Reh, Christine 6
- Renzi, Matteo 168, 402
- Rhodes, M. 103–4
- Risse, T. 92
- Rome Treaty 15–24, 177, 469*
- AFSJ 324
- democracy and legitimacy 129
- environmental policy 373–4
- European Communities 15–20
- historical context 15–21
- policy 235–6
- union, meaning of 21
- Rosamond, Ben 71
- Rose, A. K. 351
- Rosenau, James 93
- Ruggie, J. G. 96
- rule of law
- de-Europeanization 121
- democracy and legitimacy 48
- economic crisis 403
- Euroscepticism 224
- good governance 132
- migration crisis 338
- missions 289
- Normative Power Europe 288
- police and judicial cooperation 341
- security union, proposal for 339
- separation of powers 138
- rural development 166, 303, 364–71, 464*
- Russia 3, 253–5, 278, 282, 292, 426–7, 433